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Carlton & Eldredge — Marine Bioinvasions of Hawai‘i 35 ing hydroid as introduced with shipping. Paulay et al. (2002) treat this species as cryptogenic in Guam, while Cranfield et al. (1998) treat it as introduced to New Zealand, with a European origin. It is reported, with various synonyms, from warm-water seas worldwide (Vervoort, 1968; Cooke, 1975; Cutress, 1977; Gibbons & Ryland, 1989). Cooke (1975) noted that it “is a very cosmopolitan species found in temperate and tropical regions of all oceans. It is often found on man-made structures, although it is also common on marine angiosperms in temperate waters.” Its origin remains unknown. The earliest identified Bishop Museum material is from 1929 from Pearl Harbor. Edmondson (1933: 23) reported it (as Pennaria tiarella) in Pearl Harbor and Kāne‘ohe Bay, “attached to stones, pilings of old wharves, buoys, and other floats.” He noted that it appeared to be identical to the Atlantic Ocean P. tiarella McCrady “and may have been transported to Hawaii on the bottoms of ships.” Boone (1938) redescribed P. disticha as a new species, Corydendrium splendidum, from Kāne‘ohe Bay (synonymized by Cooke, 1977a), collected as a single large colony in 2 m (“1 fathom”) of water at low tide, in 1928. Edmondson & Ingram (1939) reported it (as Pennaria tiarella) in 1935 and subsequent years in fouling in Kāne‘ohe Bay. Hiatt (1954) noted that “there are certain areas (Pearl Harbor and Kaneohe Bay) where a species of Pennaria is found abundantly attached to almost any solid substrate.” It was further recorded by Evans et al. (1972) from Pearl Harbor (1971, as Pennaria sp.), by Long (1974) on offshore and Pearl Harbor panels (1968–1972), and by Brock (1995) from Pearl Harbor (1993). Cooke (1977a) reported it from Kāne‘ohe Bay, Ala Wai Yacht Harbor, Kewalo Basin, Honolulu Harbor, Ke‘ehi Marina, on pilings, submerged lines, and boat bottoms. Cooke noted that it is known to sting when handled. Coles et al. (1999a) record its continued presence in Pearl Harbor (1976 collections). DeFelice et al. (2001) note that it now occurs on all the main Hawaiian Islands. DeFelice et al. (1998) report it from Midway Atoll, and DeFelice et al. (2002) report it from French Frigate Shoals. Studies of the feeding biology of Pennaria (as P. tiarella) by Pardy & Lenhoff (1968), and on the paths and rates of food distribution by Rees et al. (1970) were based upon specimens from floating docks at Coconut Island, Kāne‘ohe Bay. Hoover (1998, 2006) illustrates specimens from Lāna‘i Lookout, O‘ahu, from approximately 7 m depth. He notes that Pennaria disticha is “the most common large hydroid in Hawai‘i” and that it grows to its largest size (about 30 cm height) in protected locations such as Kāne‘ohe Bay. Haleciidae Halecium beanii (Johnston, 1838) Cryptogenic De Oreo (1946) reported this widespread tropical and temperate hydroid, whose origin is unknown, to cause human dermatitis in Hawai‘i, based upon a series of cases beginning in June 1943 in the vicinity of Honolulu, with details of further cases in 1945. It is tempting to interpret these first reports of Halecium-induced dermatitis as the timing of its introduction during World War II, but confirmation of this will await a more detailed study of the chronological appearance of this hydroid around the Pacific theater. Cooke (1977a) recorded it from “rubble at a depth of 30 feet in Maunalua Bay”, based upon material collected in 1972. He earlier recorded it at Enewetak on pier pilings and on rubble from a patch reef in shallow water (Cooke, 1975). The earliest Bishop Museum material is from 1945 (Coles et al., 1999b) from Honolulu Harbor, on a wood block at 5 m depth (BPBM D260). It was also found in 1998 at Barbers Point Harbor, O‘ahu (Coles et al., 1999b). Halecium sibogae Billard, 1929 Cryptogenic Specimens of this Indo-Pacific species were collected in 2003 on the Mahi wreck in O‘ahu in 20 to 30 m of water by Steve Coles and identified as this species by Dale Calder as a new record for Hawai‘i (S.L.Coles, pers. comm., February 2004).
36 BISHOP MUSEUM BULLETIN IN CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 4 (2009) Kirchenpaueriidae Ventromma halecioides (Alder, 1859) Cryptogenic This hydroid was first found in 1999 in Kāne‘ohe Bay (Coles et al., 2002a). It is circumglobal in tropical and warm temperate waters (D. Calder, identification and pers. comm. to S.L. Coles, 2001). Plumulariidae Plumularia floridana Nutting, 1900 Cryptogenic This hydroid was first found in 1999 in Kāne‘ohe Bay and in 2000 in Waikīkī (Coles et al., 2002a, 2002b). Coles et al. (2006) report it from the island of Hawai‘i, based upon 2003 collections. It is reported from all seas (Calder, 1997). Plumularia strictocarpa Pictet, 1893 Cryptogenic This hydroid was first found in 1999 in Kāne‘ohe Bay and in 2000 in Waikīkī (Coles et al., 2002a, 2002b). Coles et al. (2006) report it from Maui, based upon 2003 collections. It is reported from all seas (Calder, 1997). Plumularia setacea (Linnaeus, 1758) Cryptogenic = (?) Plumularia milleri Nutting, 1905, from Hawai‘i (1902) (see Calder, 1991, and discussion below) = (?) Plumularia corrugata Nutting, 1900 as reported by Nutting (1905) (see below) Cooke (1977a) reported P. setacea from Kāne‘ohe Bay, on a variety of substrates. He suggested that the material referred to by Edmondson (1946a, Fig. 13d) is “this species (or one similar).” Bailey- Brock (1989) recorded it on PVC settlement plates on an artificial reef in open waters at 20 m, 2.4 km off the southeast coast of O‘ahu. Plumularia setacea is regarded as a temperate and tropical cosmopolitan species (Calder, 1997). Cranfield et al. (1998) concluded that P. setacea was native to Europe and introduced to the Pacific Ocean, including New Zealand. We treat it as cryptogenic, whose origin remains unclear. Calder (1997) concurred with earlier taxonomic conclusions that a hydroid described from Hawai‘i, Plumularia milleri, by Nutting (1905) is one of many synonyms of P. setacea, and that Plumularia corrugata Nutting, 1900, was also a synonym. However, reminiscent of the situation with Sertularella diaphana and S. torreyi, we note that P. milleri was described from 173 m off the north coast of Maui, a habitat unusually deep for harbor-dwelling fouling hydroids. Plumularia corrugata, as reported by Nutting (1905), was from 223 m off the north coast of Maui, a habitat also deep for the genre of shallow-water fouling species considered here. Re-examination of this deeperwater material from Hawai‘i would be of value. Halopterididae Antennella secundaria (Gmelin, 1791) Cryptogenic This hydroid was first found in 1999 in Kāne‘ohe Bay and in 2000 in Waikīkī (Coles et al., 2002a, 2002b); it also occurs in Kanunakakai Harbor, Moloka‘i (Coles et al., 2004). It is circumglobal in tropical and warm temperate waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans (Calder, 1997). Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913) Cryptogenic This hydroid was first found in 1999 in Kāne‘ohe Bay and in 2000 in Waikīkī (Coles et al., 2002a, 2002b); it also occurs in Kahului Harbor, Maui (Coles et al., 2004). It was previously known from the Indo-West Pacific and Brazil (D. Calder, identification and pers. comm. to S.L. Coles, 2001). Halopteris diaphana (Heller, 1868) Cryptogenic Cooke (1977a) reported this hydroid, cosmopolitan in tropical seas, from a variety of substrates in Kāne‘ohe Bay. In more recent years it has been found in Kahului Harbor, Maui (Coles et al., 2004). Aglaopheniidae Lytocarpia phyteuma (Kirchenpauer, 1876) Cryptogenic This species was first found in 2001 in Waikīkī (Coles, 2002b).
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