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Reproductive Biology of B. tapa Brassica plants flower indetemiinately beginning with the lowest bud on the main racerne. B. rapa has a more compact bud arrangement than B. napus and unopened buds are sometimes found below opened flowers (Downey et al.. 1980). Three to five flowers open per day on the main raceme. Brassica flowers have four petals. two pairs of starnens with long filaments and one pair with shorter filaments. Four nectaries occur at the base of the stamens and ovary. The stigma is receptive for pollination three days prior and three days after fiowers open (Downey and Robbelen, 1989). The flowering period of B. tapa is approximately 3 - 4 weeks. B. napus is mainly self-pollinating wîth an approximate outcrossing rate of 20% in western Canada (Rakow and Woods, 1987). The diploid B. rapa relies on outcrossing for fertilizaüon to omr, and has a self-incompatibility system that is controlled sporphytically by a multi-allelic S-locus. The number of S-alleles in B. rapa has been estirnated to be approximately 100 (Nou et al, 1993). A population must have variability for these alleles in order for interpollination to occur. The main agents for pollination are wind and insects gathering nectar. The S-locus in the pistil is active mainly in the papillar cells at the stigmatal surface and in the anthers sporophytically in the tapetal cells and gametophytically in microspores (Goring and Rothstein, 1992). Pollen tube growth is inhibited at the stigmatal surface when self-pollination occurs (Kandasarny et al., 1989). There are two
2.5 genes involved in recognizhg and enforcing mis incompatibility reaction. the S-loais glycoprotein (SLG) and S-locus receptor kinase (SRK). These genes share a high percentage of amino acid sequence hornology. suggesüng that there was selection pressure for both genes through evolution of this self4ncompatibility system (Nasrallah and Nasrallah, 1993). The SLG accumulates mainly in the papillar cell walls where the reaction is thought to be stimulateci when self-pollination ocairs. The SLG is then modified and becomes cornpetent to bind SRK (Nasrallah and Nasrallah. 1993). The SRK becomes activated when self-pollen contacts the papillar cells at the stigmatal surface. At the S-locus. S-alleles function as a dominance series detemined by the pollen parent which makes it important to have the correct combination of alleles in the stigma and pollen grain for inhibition of self-pollination (Thompson and Taylor. 1966). Variants have been found that result in self-compatibility expression. Mutations in S-alleles have been found in B. olemcea and B. rapa that reduce the amount of SLG in the stigma (Nasrallah. 1974; Nasrallah et al., 1992) or impair SRK transcription, eliminating the SI response (Nasrallah and Nasrallah. 1993). These mutated S-alleles are sometimes refened to as self-fertile (SJ alleles. The stigma is unable to developmentally recognize self- versus cross-pollen until one day prior to anthesis or flower opening. The incompatibility reaction can be overcome in Brassica through bud pollination which allows pollination before the stigma is biologically able to respond to self-pollen (Sun. 1938). This procedure is timeconsuming and labour intensive. A less labour intensive method involves increasing levels of CO, which has been shown to inhibit the SI rejection response by inhibiting
Page 1 and 2: The Application of Ooubled Haploid
Page 3 and 4: COPYRIGET P1ERbIISSION PAGE A Thesu
Page 5 and 6: 111 application in 8. rapa cultivar
Page 7 and 8: v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTWT ACKNOWLE
Page 9 and 10: VI1 LIST OF TABLES TABLE Page EFI',
Page 11 and 12: lx LlST OF FIGURES FIGURE Page Prod
Page 13 and 14: 1.2 performance. Production of DH p
Page 15 and 16: History of Canola Produdion of Bras
Page 17: Economic Importance and Distributio
Page 21 and 22: 2.7 There is potential for loss of
Page 23 and 24: 2.9 their stability under different
Page 25 and 26: 2.1 1 selected and selfed to create
Page 27 and 28: 2.1 3 production (Mathias and Wbbel
Page 29 and 30: 2.1 5 traits have low heritability.
Page 31 and 32: 2.17 opposite strands of template D
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2.3. The AFLP procedure usin
Page 35 and 36: 2.21 non-specifïc arüfacts which
Page 37 and 38: 2.23 maintenance of DNA extradion p
Page 39 and 40: Cornparison of Bud Pollination and
Page 41 and 42: INTRODUCTION Production of doubled
Page 43 and 44: Effkiency lndex = total number of s
Page 46 and 47: Application of doubfeâ haploid dev
Page 48 and 49: Brassita rapa represents approximat
Page 50 and 51: 4.5 and a daylnight temperature of
Page 52 and 53: 4-7 plants within each tent using a
Page 54 and 55: 4.9 Days to Flowanng Reward OH Iine
Page 56 and 57: 4-11 In Canan, Reward Cja and Cl,,
Page 58 and 59: 4.13 counterparts. The extra genera
Page 60 and 61: 4-15 composite population can eithe
Page 62: Table 4.2. Mean parameter values fo
Page 68 and 69:
Table 4.8. Correlation of days to f
Page 72 and 73:
Detedion of Genetic Variation in Bm
Page 74:
INTRODUCTION The production of doub
Page 77 and 78:
5-6 represented one sample from C,
Page 79 and 80:
5-8 the percent of polymorphism pre
Page 81 and 82:
5-10 and C, and a similar level of
Page 83 and 84:
Table 5.2. Polymorphic levels in Cl
Page 86 and 87:
5-15 Table 5.5. Proportion of polyr
Page 88 and 89:
6. GENERAL DlSCUSSlON AND CONCLUSIO
Page 90 and 91:
6-3 B. rapa OH Iines. Seleded DH Ii
Page 92 and 93:
Abramson, RD. 1995. Thermostable DN
Page 94 and 95:
Diers, B.W. and Osbom, T.C. 1994. G
Page 96 and 97:
Jasieniuk, M., Brill&Babel, AL. and
Page 98 and 99:
Narasimhulu, SBw and Chopra, U.L. 1
Page 100 and 101:
Schuler, T.J., Hutcheson, O.S. and
Page 102 and 103:
Williams, J.G.K., HanMey, M.K., Raf
Page 104 and 105:
Appendix 12. Data matrix of RAPO pr
Page 106 and 107:
Apperidi 1. (-nueû) Month D~Y Temp
Page 108 and 109:
Mean Max [mm)
Page 110 and 111:
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1
Page 112:
Append'bc 4. FM measummmts fw param
Page 116 and 117:
Locaüon Plant Id. RedTcate €MG D
Page 118 and 119:
C24 C24 C2-4 C2-8 C2-8 C2-8 C2-8 c2
Page 120 and 121:
Location Plant Id. Replicate €MG
Page 122 and 123:
Locaüori Plant ld. Replicate EMG O
Page 124 and 125:
Appendix 10. The mean performance o
Page 127:
f i . I 1 t a I 1 I I t t c i r' !m
Page 130 and 131:
Appendii 12. Data matrix of RAPO pm
Page 133:
Appendix 13. @mtïnued) Primer Comp
Page 138:
Appendk 14. (continuedl Primer Comp
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