Assessing HIV/AIDS Initiatives in China - Center for Strategic and ...

Bates Gill 3
of persons contracting HIV through unsafe sex will increase in the years ahead.
According to the Chinese vice minister of health, Wang Longde, these figures indicate
that the “epidemic is spreading from high-risk groups to ordinary people, and that China
is in a critical period for AIDS prevention.” 7
Changing HIV/AIDS Response: From Indifference to
Action
From the discovery of the first cases in 1989 through the early 2000s, the Chinese
authorities were slow to respond to HIV/AIDS. Poor monitoring, surveillance and
reporting, suppression of what was considered “bad news,” and widespread stigma
thwarted an earlier and more candid Chinese reaction. As a result, HIV spread steadily
among intravenous drug users who shared needles, among poor farmers who donated
plasma under medically disastrous and corrupt conditions, and among persons who had
unprotected sex. It was not until the summer of 2001 that the Chinese minister of health
acknowledged that China’s HIV-positive population was possibly as high as 600,000
persons.
China’s response to HIV/AIDS was significantly expanded in 2003, following
increased international attention, the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome
(SARS), and the rise to power of new leadership under President Hu Jintao and Premier
Wen Jiabao. In 2003, new leaders were placed in charge of the Ministry of Health, and
national and provincial budgets for HIV/AIDS were enlarged. A high-level interagency
body—the State Council Working Group on HIV/AIDS—headed by Vice Premier Wu
Yi, was established in 2003 to better coordinate the national response.
The national budget allocation for combating HIV/AIDS was increased from
RMB100 million (approximately $12.5 million) in 2002 to RMB800 million
(approximately $100 million) in 2005. Local government budgets provide an additional
RMB280 million (approximately 34.7 million) per year. At the end of 2005, it was
announced in official newspapers that the national HIV/AIDS budget would be nearly
doubled, for 2006 and 2007, to RMB1.5 billion (approximately $185 million). 8 The
central government took a highly visible interest in HIV/AIDS and mobilized the
bureaucracy to mount a more effective response. A national treatment program was
initiated, and high-profile official appeals such as “four frees and one care” were
promoted. 9
The national treatment program, known as China CARES (China Comprehensive
AIDS Response), was initiated in 2003, supported by central government funding and a
grant from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria (Global Fund). By
June 2005, 19,456 patients had been cumulatively enrolled in the China CARES program
to receive free antiretroviral (ARV) therapy; of this number, approximately 16,000 have
7 See “China Has 135,630 Cases of Reported HIV Infection,” Xinhuanet.com, November 28, 2005.
8 “Spending on HIV/AIDS Prevention Set to Double,” China Daily (Beijing), December 28, 2005.
9 “Four frees and one care” refers to free antiretroviral treatment for farmers and indigent AIDS patients,
free HIV testing, free prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, free schooling for AIDS orphans,
and care for families affected by HIV/AIDS.