THE FIVE FACTORS OF PERSONALITY AND INTERPERSONAL ...

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tendermindedness This trait facilitates the development of social attitudes (Costa et al, 1991) More specifically, Kentle (1994) suggests that agreeableness promotes concern for others in personal relationships Conscientiousness combines inhibition that holds impulsive behavior in check and a proactive dimension that organizes and directs behavior toward achievement (Costa et al., 1991) According to McCrae and Costa (1987), conscientious individuals are ambitious and hard-working. Conscientiousness is reflected by competence, order, dutifiilness, achievement striving, self-discipline, and deliberation (Costa et al., 1991) Extraverted individuals exhibit a preference for social interaction and activity (McCrae, 1990). Extraversion is reflected by warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement seeking, and positive emotions (Costa et al, 1991) Watson and Clark (1992) proposed that positive affect is the core of extraversion just as negative affect is the core of neuroticism. Neuroticism represents the cognitive and behavioral styles of experiencing distress Chronic negative affect is the hallmark of neuroticism. Other characteristics include low self-esteem, irrational thinking, and ineffective coping behavior (McCrae & Costa, 1987). Anxiety, hostility, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, and vulnerability reflect neuroticism as well (Costa et al 1991) Openness is typified by receptiveness to new ideas, approaches, and experiences (McCrae, 1990). McCrae and John (1992) include aesthetic sensitivity, need for variety, and unconventional attitudes in their description of openness. This affects both internal 12
experience and interpersonal interactions (McCrae, 1995). According to McCrae (1996). openness promotes flexible, egalitarian interactions The Lexical Approach The five-factormodel of personality (FFM) has evolved over the past several decades from two divergent lines of research, the lexical approach and the psychometric approach. The lexical approach focuses upon the examination of personality traits exhibited within the natural language of a cuhure. Natural language is created by laypersons, and reflects the basic way in which they understand individual characteristics According to Cattell (1943, cited in Van Heck, Perugini, Caprara, & Froger, 1994), the most important personality descriptors are a central component of natural language These descriptors are developed and integrated as trait terms in the evolution of language over time (McCrae & John, 1992). As language becomes more complex, muhiple descriptors may develop to describe similar or identical traits (Saucier & Goldberg, 1996). The goal of lexical research is to identify the major personality traits that underlie the many descriptors within natural language (McCrae & John, 1992) Systematic research on the lexical analysis of personality was first undertaken by Cattell. Cattell (1946, cited in McCrae & John, 1992) created synonym clusters of personality terms generated from approximately 2080 trait terms identified in the natural language (e.g., dictionaries). He reduced the terms to 35 bipolar pairs of terms and subjects then rated the degree to which the trait terms accurately described their 13
Page 1 and 2: THE FIVE FACTORS OF PERSONALITY AND
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My sincere thanks
Page 5 and 6: ABSTRACT This study utilized the co
Page 7 and 8: CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION According to
Page 9 and 10: particular interaction episode" (p
Page 11 and 12: proximal context, which in turn aff
Page 13 and 14: contextual model should examine the
Page 15 and 16: Hypotheses The following hypotheses
Page 17: CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW This c
Page 21 and 22: stability, and (e) culture McCrae a
Page 23 and 24: samples of aduhs and children They
Page 25 and 26: personality descriptors. In the sec
Page 27 and 28: the five factors were identified in
Page 29 and 30: When creating a new scale, it is ne
Page 31 and 32: item adjective list. McCrae and Cos
Page 33 and 34: was .72 and the largest divergent c
Page 35 and 36: Another study conducted by McCrae a
Page 37 and 38: as measured by the PRF, can be view
Page 39 and 40: Longitudinal studies provide insigh
Page 41 and 42: The major weakness of this line of
Page 43 and 44: interactions, men report higher inh
Page 45 and 46: more likely to avoid initiation int
Page 47 and 48: concluded that individuals high in
Page 49 and 50: type of self-disclosure was also as
Page 51 and 52: Emotional Support Emotional support
Page 53 and 54: likely to be desired if they have t
Page 55 and 56: self-esteem, self-confidence, inter
Page 57 and 58: colored by other information about
Page 59 and 60: confederates, but more negative soc
Page 61 and 62: esults cannot be generalized to opp
Page 63 and 64: Lloyd (1990) contacted the same cou
Page 65 and 66: poshively related to discussing and
Page 67 and 68: contrast, unstable couples were cha
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Personality and Interpersonal Compe
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partner's personaHty (e.g., extrave
Page 73 and 74:
negatively associated whh prosocial
Page 75 and 76:
ated by peers on assertiveness and
Page 77 and 78:
These results support the premise t
Page 79 and 80:
maintenance O'Brien and DeLongis (1
Page 81 and 82:
satisfaction, distal factors (persp
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marriage and then annually for thre
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study indicated that spouses' attri
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Other studies have acknowledged bot
Page 89 and 90:
CHAPTER m METHOD Participants Parti
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(steady dating=61%, engaged=9%, coh
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Table 2. Distribution of scores for
Page 95 and 96:
elationship The hems were summed to
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Beliefs Test (Eiedlson & Epstein, 1
Page 99 and 100:
CHAPTER IV RESULTS Preliminarv Anal
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^ CN -.16* m .19* .29** O ON O .19*
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Table 5 Regressions of proximal fac
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Table 6. Regression of liking on th
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Table 7 Regression of liking on the
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Table 8 Hierarchical regression of
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CHAPTER V DISCUSSION This study exa
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hierarchical level (Costa & McCrae,
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Finally, the measure of satisfactio
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"real" me, "I told my partner about
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For example, openness may be more c
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examined Neuroticism was negatively
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Future research should examine how
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developmental theory would help us
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Boyle, G. J (1989) Re-examination o
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Costa, P T , iS: McCrae, R R (1985)
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Forgas, J , Levinger, G., & Moylan,
Page 133 and 134:
Kentle, R. L (1994) An examination
Page 135 and 136:
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1989
Page 137 and 138:
Rusbuh, C. E . Johnson, D J., & Mor
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Wildman, B. G. (1986) Perception of
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Subject We would like you to answer
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IF YOU ARE NOT IN A ROMANTIC RELATI
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STRONGLY STRONGLY DISAGREE AGREE 1
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I AM POOR I .AM EXTREMELY .AT THIS
Page 149 and 150:
Please answer the following questio
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Next, we are interested in how your
Page 153 and 154:
NOT AT ALL EXTREMELY 1 2 3 4 5 4 Co
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