Annex 3: Keynote Abstracts The Royal Society, 2009: <strong>Geoengineering</strong> the climate: Science, governance and uncertainty. Royal Society, L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>, UK. 82 pp., (ISBN: 9780854037735). Thoms<strong>on</strong> A.M., Katherine V Calvin, L.P. Chini, G. Hurtt, J.A. Edm<strong>on</strong>ds, Ben B<strong>on</strong>d-Lamberty, S. Frolking, Marshall A Wise, and A.C. Janetos, 2010: Climate Mitigati<strong>on</strong> and the Future of Tropical Landscapes. Proceedings of the Nati<strong>on</strong>al Academy of Sciences 107, 19633–19638. (DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0910467107). Toth F.L., 1999: Fair weather?: Equity C<strong>on</strong>cerns in Climate Change. Earthscan, L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>, UK. 228 pp. Wise Marshall, Katherine Calvin, Allis<strong>on</strong> Thoms<strong>on</strong>, Le<strong>on</strong> Clarke, Benjamin B<strong>on</strong>d-Lamberty, R. Sands, Steven J Smith, A. Janetos, and James Edm<strong>on</strong>ds, 2009: Implicati<strong>on</strong>s of Limiting CO2 C<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s for Land Use and Energy. Science 324, 1183–1186. (DOI: 10.1126/science.1168475). <str<strong>on</strong>g>IPCC</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Expert</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Meeting</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Geoengineering</strong> - 33
Annex 3: Keynote Abstracts Keynote III-1: Policy, Governance and Socio-Ec<strong>on</strong>omical Aspects of <strong>Geoengineering</strong> Catherine Redgwell Professor of Internati<strong>on</strong>al Law and Vice-Dean, Faculty of Laws, University College L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>, United Kingdom Increasingly it is apparent that some geoengineering methods may be technically possible, though with major uncertainties regarding their effectiveness, cost and socio-ec<strong>on</strong>omic and envir<strong>on</strong>mental impacts (The Royal Society, 2009). This presentati<strong>on</strong> explores the regulati<strong>on</strong> of geoengineering and the principles which should guide the establishment of the governance structure necessary to guide research in the short term and to ensure that any decisi<strong>on</strong>s ultimately taken with respect to deployment occur within an appropriate governance framework. The uncertainties and c<strong>on</strong>troversies surrounding geoengineering have recently been c<strong>on</strong>sidered both nati<strong>on</strong>ally (UK House of Comm<strong>on</strong>s, 2010; U.S. House of Representatives, 2010) and internati<strong>on</strong>ally. In the latter c<strong>on</strong>text, the State parties to the 1972 L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong> C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong> and 1996 Protocol and to the 1992 C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> Biological Diversity, have each actively debated the c<strong>on</strong>sistency of ocean ir<strong>on</strong> fertilizati<strong>on</strong> activities with c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong> obligati<strong>on</strong>s, inter alia, to protect and preserve the marine envir<strong>on</strong>ment, and in late 2010 the CBD c<strong>on</strong>sidered the matter of geogengineering more broadly. Thus both domestically and internati<strong>on</strong>ally it is clear that governance of geoengineering is moving up the legal and policy agenda. To date there has been little comprehensive assessment of the internati<strong>on</strong>al regulati<strong>on</strong> of geoengineering. Indeed, absent from the current legal landscape is a single treaty or instituti<strong>on</strong> addressing all aspects of geoengineering; rather, the regulatory picture is a diverse and fragmented <strong>on</strong>e both at the internati<strong>on</strong>al and nati<strong>on</strong>al levels (Bracmort et al., 2010; Hester, 2011). Thus a major strand in the sparse legal literature addressed to geoengineering is an assessment of the extent to which existing rules may be adapted to regulate geoengineering actors and activities (e.g. Bodansky, 1996; Michaels<strong>on</strong>, 1998; Rayfuse et al., 2008; Zedalis, 2010; Redgwell, 2011; Lin, 2011).This relies <strong>on</strong> the flexible adaptati<strong>on</strong>, or possible amendment, of existing treaty rules or the applicati<strong>on</strong> of customary internati<strong>on</strong>al law rules, seeking to employ the legal tools at hand to regulate geoengineering activities, whether field trials or potential deployment. The difficulty of drawing a sharp distincti<strong>on</strong> between these in terms of the nature of the activity and its effects, especially where large-scale field trials are in questi<strong>on</strong>, is significant, An example of a cautious graduated approach is found in the resp<strong>on</strong>se by the parties to the 1972 L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong> C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong> and 1996 Protocol to ocean ir<strong>on</strong> fertilizati<strong>on</strong> to prohibit all but small-scale scientific field trials pending further development of a regulatory framework. Assessment of existing instruments should also take into account the dynamism of the norm-generating process, particularly in the envir<strong>on</strong>mental c<strong>on</strong>text. Existing instruments may be divided between those potentially applicable to all geoengineering methods (e.g. the 1977 C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> the Prohibiti<strong>on</strong> of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Modificati<strong>on</strong> Techniques and the 1992 UN Framework C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> Climate Change) and those potentially applicable to particular methods (e.g. the 1972 L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong> C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> the Preventi<strong>on</strong> of Marine Polluti<strong>on</strong> by Dumping of Wastes and other Matter and 1996 Protocol, for ocean ir<strong>on</strong> fertilizati<strong>on</strong>, and the 1985 C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong> for the Protecti<strong>on</strong> of the Oz<strong>on</strong>e Layer and 1987 M<strong>on</strong>treal Protocol with respect to stratospheric aerosols.) There are a number of alternatives for geoengineering governance. The first would be the c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong> of a “bespoke” legal instrument or instruments to address geoengineering. However, a multilateral geoengineering treaty is neither likely nor desirable. It is unlikely because the appetite for law-making, particularly in the climate change c<strong>on</strong>text as evidenced by the Copenhagen and Cancun meetings, is low (D. Bodansky and Diringer, 2010; Werksman and Herberts<strong>on</strong>, 2010; Rajamani, 2010, 2011). It seems inc<strong>on</strong>ceivable that the political will would be generated for law-making <strong>on</strong> this scale and where such a degree of c<strong>on</strong>troversy exists. Achieving c<strong>on</strong>sensus <strong>on</strong> all but the lowest comm<strong>on</strong> denominator – if that – seems very unlikely. Such a route is also undesirable, for two reas<strong>on</strong>s. The first is that internati<strong>on</strong>al law hardly presents a blank slate, with a plethora of potentially applicable instruments where “regime legitimacy” has been established over time. The swift resp<strong>on</strong>se to carb<strong>on</strong> capture and storage by the parties to the global LC/LP and regi<strong>on</strong>al OSPAR regime is an illustrati<strong>on</strong> of what can be d<strong>on</strong>e when there is clear c<strong>on</strong>sensus regarding the need for internati<strong>on</strong>al regulati<strong>on</strong>, the political will to do so, and appropriate instruments to adapt. Existing instruments can, and likely will, regulate aspects of geoengineering which fall within their treaty mandate. By the same token, there are gaps, most obviously with respect to the regulati<strong>on</strong> in areas bey<strong>on</strong>d nati<strong>on</strong>al jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> of SRM methods. A single treaty <strong>on</strong> geoengineering is also undesirable owing to the range of methods, where they may be carried out, and by whom. There can be no “<strong>on</strong>e size fits all” approach to geoengineering regulati<strong>on</strong> bey<strong>on</strong>d the identificati<strong>on</strong> of key guiding principles or c<strong>on</strong>cerns of general applicati<strong>on</strong>. Am<strong>on</strong>gst other things, these could inform the interpretati<strong>on</strong> and applicati<strong>on</strong> of existing instruments. <str<strong>on</strong>g>IPCC</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Expert</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Meeting</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Geoengineering</strong> - 34