Biology_of_Mustelids_Vol_1.pdf

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136. the ratio of the interoribtal to the postorbital width in males is on average 1.02 (0.86-1.13) and in females 0.97 (0.74-1.10). In martens of the first age group the total length of the skull, the basilar length, the condylobasal length and the zygomatic width of the skull are all shorter than in the other groups. With age there is also increase in the length of the cerebral part of the skull, the length of the hard palate, the greatest width of the skull and the width of the skull over the canine teeth. During the growth of martens the cerebral part of the skull decreasas, namely, the width of the skull capsule, the postorbital width and also the height of the skull (see Tables 1 and 2). In some individuals of the first age group the sutures of the skull bones are still visible. The sutures of the nasal bones are particularly clearly outlined even at the age of 8-10 months. The second age group comprises adult martens under the age of three years (see Figs.1 (b) and 2 (b»). In the individuals of this age group, at the junction of the pareital bones and tha superior occipital bone a rudimentary crest forms, the left part of which does not meet the right over a shorter distance than in the preceding group (see Table 3). Appreciable changes are also observed in the development of the temporal lines, the width between which gradually narrows. This narrowing takes place over their entire length, and their union begins at the base [occipital end] of the skull. At the junction of the left and right parietal bones, an eminence forms - the rudiment of the future sagittal crest, the height of which, in the females reaches on average 1.1 mm, and in the males 1.4 mm. The width of the postorbital constriction appreciably decreases, according to our findings, on average by more than 1 mm. Since the interorbital width and the width between the apices of the supraorbital processes increase, the postorbital constriction becomes more noticeable. The ratio of the interorbital to the postorbital width in males is on
137· average 1.09 (0.98-1.25) and in females 1.10 (1.00-1.23). In martens of the second age group the nasal sutures are almost completely coalesced. The third age group consists of martens over three years old (see Fig.1 (c) and 2 (c». Because of the development of the muscles the occipital crest, in the martens of this group, becomes very pointed and stands out clearly. The left and right parts of the occipital crest unite through the sagittal crest. This particularly applies to males: in some females the distance between the right and left parts of the occipital crest is [still] quite considerable. Drastic changes are observed in the development of the temporal lines. They converge forming the sagittal crest, which is higher at the base [posterior] of the skull, decreasing anteriorly. Sexual dimorphism is particularly manifested here : in the mal~s the crest is always higher than in the females. The height of the sagittal c~est at the base of the skull in males reaches on average 4.0 mm, and in females 2.1 mm. It should be noted that in females a well developed sagittal crest forms only at the base of the skull. the shape of a wedge. The tempord lines diverge towards the anterior, fo.rming This bifurcation of the sagittal crest is observed in males only at the postorbital constriction of the skull, on average 38.5 mm from the base of the skull. The changes in the postorbital constriction become particularly obvious if we compare its width in the individuals of the third and first age groups. According to our findings, the postorbital constriction decreases in width by almost 2 mm. The ratio of the interorbital to the postorbital width in males is on average 1.28 (1.02~1.64) and in females 1.17 (1.03-1.35). The sutures of the nasal bones grow together and become imperceptible.
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BIOLOGY " OF MUSTELIDS SOME SOVIET
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2 12. L.S. Ryabov: HeKoTopRe Bospac
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at 4 Bart IV Bathologr Page 14. N.P
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\ I 6 Quotations in the text to a n
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8. the regions inhabited by the nor
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10. larger and longer-tailed muthwa
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12. putgriue (ArctoQale) pygmaeus,
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14. the weasels from these regions.
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16. Sub-species: 1 • Mustela niva
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18. the Caucasus. In 1911, Satunin
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20. (M.10.3), the postorbital width
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orbital constriction is 1.5-7.8 mm
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24. 14.0-16.8 mm (M. 15.1) in the f
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the length of the tail 37-60 mm (M.
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28. K A 1907 Mammals of the North-E
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30. \ I, THE VALIDITY OF BERGMAN'S
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32. the error in a~empting to find
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34. Table 2. Intraspecific variatio
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36. (4) In the desert regions of Ce
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38. 9. Naumov, N.P. 1955. Ekologiya
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40. index Z, (e) equal to 18.1 per
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AGE VARIATION G.D. Dul'keit (loc.ci
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~-------- -- TABLE 1. Sarial No. 1
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46. TABLE 2. Measurements af Female
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48. The ermine and, in particuler,
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50. the formula were as follows : I
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52. is also a small increase with a
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54. REfERENCES 1. Ognev~ 5.1. 1929.
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56. differences due to sex and age
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58. associated by Teplov with the f
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60. transgressed by one sex or the
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62. Table 2 (continued) No. Dimensi
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64. Table 3 ( continuad) ND. Dimens
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--------------- 66· TABLE 5. Diffe
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68. The teble and figures show that
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70. bullae, height of the foramen o
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72. TABLE 7. Sexual dimorphism of a
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74. narrower and lower in the facia
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76. REFERENCES Aspisov, 0.1., and P
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78. Ushakov, V.E. 1930. from the li
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-------------------~------------ 80
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82. The relative weight of the musc
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84. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ECOLOGY O
Page 88 and 89: $ 86. Diagnosis The winter coats of
Page 90 and 91: 88. Numbers Trappers can not make a
Page 92 and 93: ~. show this relationship: but repl
Page 94 and 95: 92. Voles (Clethrionomys, Microtus)
Page 96 and 97: spruces, where they were vulnerable
Page 98 and 99: 96. diet of Mustela nivalis from ot
Page 100 and 101: 98. THE PROBLEM OF SEX RATIO IN ERM
Page 102 and 103: 100. commercial seasons): (1) Aktuy
Page 104 and 105: 102. The excess of males over femal
Page 106 and 107: 104. INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON TH
Page 108 and 109: 1~. Observations of ermine trails e
Page 110 and 111: 108· DATA ON THE BIOLOGY or THE ER
Page 112 and 113: TABLE 1. Data on food of ermine Mat
Page 114 and 115: I Ii I II. Reproduction Indications
Page 116 and 117: 114. Furthe~on 19.7.36, a male ermi
Page 118 and 119: 116. TABLE 3. Sex ratio of ermine.
Page 120 and 121: 118. (a) STOATS AND WEASELS AND THE
Page 122 and 123: 120. \ I 1 The results show that ea
Page 124 and 125: 122. @ o Permanent sleeping quarter
Page 126 and 127: 124· It is interesting to compare
Page 128 and 129: 126. they can run absolutely incred
Page 130 and 131: 128. in the woods, in cultivated la
Page 132 and 133: 130. Fig.8 The prints of stoats and
Page 134 and 135: AGE DETERMINATION AND AGE STRUCTURE
Page 136 and 137: (3) 134· the condylobasal length -
Page 140 and 141: Table 1. Measurements of skulls of
Page 142 and 143: 140. Table 3. Measurements of Sagit
Page 144 and 145: 142. Comparison of the results of t
Page 146 and 147: 144. REFERENCES 1. Paramonov, A.A.
Page 148 and 149: 146. dimensions increase rapidly.
Page 150 and 151: 148. pine martens exhibit all these
Page 152 and 153: 150. and 14.380 g); was 0.18 g/mm;
Page 154 and 155: 152. one molar were still small mi
Page 156 and 157: palatinum are also retained. In yea
Page 158 and 159: ange is 3.0 to 4.0 mm. The sagittal
Page 160 and 161: 158. ANALYSIS OF THE AGE STRUCTURE
Page 162 and 163: When my data were analysed, using t
Page 164 and 165: 162. In winter there is a substant
Page 166 and 167: , 164 Large variations in age rati
Page 168 and 169: p 166. animals changes little, the
Page 170 and 171: 168. REFERENCES Grakov, V••N 19
Page 172 and 173: 170. EFFECT OF HELMINTH INVASIONS
Page 174 and 175: 172. Table 2. Species and distribu
Page 176 and 177: 174. + denotes the presence of a p
Page 178 and 179: 176. brain. In some individuals we
Page 180 and 181: • 178. is the final and evidently
Page 182 and 183: 180. The numbers of "mice" in the
Page 184 and 185: 182. undertaken, to determine the
Page 186 and 187: 184. Autopsy and bacteriological ex
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186. In all four dead ermines auto
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188. CHARACTERISTICS AND CAUSES OF
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190. supplies of ermine became mor
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Table 2. Food of the ermine in Nort
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194· I n J. '" ,I ' , C1l '\ ,'\
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196. In the fur harvest in Nov~sib
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198. species were recorded in 1930-
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200. in the Bashkir ASSR. In Kazak
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202. Of the parasitic diseases, skr
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204. raccoon to become acclimatised
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Table 4. 206. Results of fox-track
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-------------~ ------- 208. Adult
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210. not now always the deciding fa
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212. Belyshev, E.F. 1934. (Migratio
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214. , Naumov, N.P. 1934. (Biology
Page 218 and 219:
216. INfECTION o~ THE PINE MARTEN (
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218. the physiology of the host, d
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220. less infected than males (by
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222. Table 4. Filaroides infection
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224. winter; the mean intensity of
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226. Lavrov, N.P. 1944. The role o
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228. bronchi. The posterior end of
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2;0. Experimental infestation of th
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232. collected from the same marsh
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234 mature stage in the polecat las
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of the frontal sinuses. By active m
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238. We used Berman's method to inv
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240. Subsequent experiments establ
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242. Bibliography of other transla
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244. (3) Available from Elton Libr
Page 248 and 249:
246. NASILOV, S.B. 1972. [Feeding o
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(90 20 40 ._"" \:;)'./ J ----J ( 1,
Page 252 and 253:
250. p.248 Key to lVJaps 1 Norway
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252. 121 Semipalatinsk 122 Altai
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254. Number Place Co-ordinates Pag
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Number on map 10 141 46 79 70
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258. Number Place Co-ordinates on
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260. Subject Index Activity, 57' 94
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262. Surplus kills, 93, 111, 128 T
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Mice, 91-92, 109, 121, 127, 191-193
Page 268:
266. Molluscs, 174, 217 Ag£iolim
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