Biology_of_Mustelids_Vol_1.pdf

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36. (4) In the desert regions of Central Asia, where in the period between Juna and September, the average monthly temperaturas reach from +20 to +30 0 C and there is usually no pracipitation, the ermine is not found at all. Despite the fact that these approximate conclusions do not enable one to explain the precise relationships between body size of the ermine and the annual range of the temperature and precipitation, it is obvious that the largest forms of this species are usually found towards regions characterised by moderate frosts and a large amount of precipitation in the winter months: while small mainland forms, such as those of the Kolymskii and Zabaikal'skii groups, are found towards regions of extremely low temperatures and a very small amount of precipitation in the winter. The ermine is a species for which snow free winters are not favourable. The fact that the large ermines are most often found towards regions with a deep snow cover can be understood from their ecology: under a thick layer of snow, a large number of Muridae (the staple food of the ermine at this time of the year) are active for the whole of the winter. ldhere the snow cover is lighter and the temperature severe, as in the Zabaikalii and Yakutiya districts, the rodents under the snow are less active. Summer temperature and precipitation are apparently of no vital significance for the ermine colonising the northern and mild regions. But in contrast, in the southern regions they probably do play an important role. One should remember that climatic factors affect the ermine not only directly, but also, as has already been mentioned, indirectly, mainly in relation to the food supply. Also, one must nat forget that, in the course of their evolution, representatives of the marten family (Mustelidae), including the ermine, have developed extremely varied mechanisms for surviving unfavourable extremes of environmental temperature. A definite relationship between
37. heat production and heat emission in individuals from different geographical regions has been determined, not only in body size, but also in the intensity of the utilisation of the thermal energy of food(a) in the characteristics of the structure of the hair covering, and in the degree of attachment towards various dens and sanctuaries, etc.(b) A study of the material at our disposal has shown that the pattern of intraspecific variation in body length of the ermine does not support "Bergmann's Rule". Variation in external characters, including the dimensions of the animal, is determined by the combined effect of many environmental factors. This is shown by study of the ermine, which is widely distributed and lives under greatly variable ecological conditions. REFERENCES 1. Aspisov, 0.1. and Popov, V.A. 1940. Factors affecting the fluctuation in numbers of ermine. Tr. o-va estestvoisp. pri Kazansk. unite, 2. Berg, L.S. 1938. Osnovy klimatologii (Fundamentals of Climatology). Moscow and Leningrad. 3. Berg, L.S. 1947. Geographical zones of the Soviet Union 1. 4. Berg, L.S. 1952. G~ographical zones of the Soviet Union 1. 5. Borisov, A.A. 1948. Klimaty SSSR (Climates in the USSR), Moscow. 6. Zharkov, I.V. 1941. New methods for counting ermine. Nauchno-metod. zap.lzd.GI.uprav.po zapovedn., ~, Moscow. 7. Kuznetsov, B.A. 1952. Osnovy tovarovedeniya Pushno-mekhovogo syr'ya (Fundamentals of the science of commodities of raw fur-skins). Moscow, Zagotizdat. I 8. Lukin, E.I. 1940. Darvinism i geograficheskie zakonomernosti v izmenenii organismov (Darwinism and Geographical laws in the variation of organisms). Moscow-Leningrad. Izd. AN SSSR. (a) See Brown and Lasiewskii (1972) on the metabolism of weasels. - (b) This could mean either the number of days on which an ermine returns to the same den, or the number of hours in a day it spends within it - Ed. Ed.
Page 2 and 3: BIOLOGY " OF MUSTELIDS SOME SOVIET
Page 4 and 5: 2 12. L.S. Ryabov: HeKoTopRe Bospac
Page 6 and 7: at 4 Bart IV Bathologr Page 14. N.P
Page 8 and 9: \ I 6 Quotations in the text to a n
Page 10 and 11: 8. the regions inhabited by the nor
Page 12 and 13: 10. larger and longer-tailed muthwa
Page 14 and 15: 12. putgriue (ArctoQale) pygmaeus,
Page 16 and 17: 14. the weasels from these regions.
Page 18 and 19: 16. Sub-species: 1 • Mustela niva
Page 20 and 21: 18. the Caucasus. In 1911, Satunin
Page 22 and 23: 20. (M.10.3), the postorbital width
Page 24 and 25: orbital constriction is 1.5-7.8 mm
Page 26 and 27: 24. 14.0-16.8 mm (M. 15.1) in the f
Page 28 and 29: the length of the tail 37-60 mm (M.
Page 30 and 31: 28. K A 1907 Mammals of the North-E
Page 32 and 33: 30. \ I, THE VALIDITY OF BERGMAN'S
Page 34 and 35: 32. the error in a~empting to find
Page 36 and 37: 34. Table 2. Intraspecific variatio
Page 40 and 41: 38. 9. Naumov, N.P. 1955. Ekologiya
Page 42 and 43: 40. index Z, (e) equal to 18.1 per
Page 44 and 45: AGE VARIATION G.D. Dul'keit (loc.ci
Page 46 and 47: ~-------- -- TABLE 1. Sarial No. 1
Page 48 and 49: 46. TABLE 2. Measurements af Female
Page 50 and 51: 48. The ermine and, in particuler,
Page 52 and 53: 50. the formula were as follows : I
Page 54 and 55: 52. is also a small increase with a
Page 56 and 57: 54. REfERENCES 1. Ognev~ 5.1. 1929.
Page 58 and 59: 56. differences due to sex and age
Page 60 and 61: 58. associated by Teplov with the f
Page 62 and 63: 60. transgressed by one sex or the
Page 64 and 65: 62. Table 2 (continued) No. Dimensi
Page 66 and 67: 64. Table 3 ( continuad) ND. Dimens
Page 68 and 69: --------------- 66· TABLE 5. Diffe
Page 70 and 71: 68. The teble and figures show that
Page 72 and 73: 70. bullae, height of the foramen o
Page 74 and 75: 72. TABLE 7. Sexual dimorphism of a
Page 76 and 77: 74. narrower and lower in the facia
Page 78 and 79: 76. REFERENCES Aspisov, 0.1., and P
Page 80 and 81: 78. Ushakov, V.E. 1930. from the li
Page 82 and 83: -------------------~------------ 80
Page 84 and 85: 82. The relative weight of the musc
Page 86 and 87: 84. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ECOLOGY O
Page 88 and 89:
$ 86. Diagnosis The winter coats of
Page 90 and 91:
88. Numbers Trappers can not make a
Page 92 and 93:
~. show this relationship: but repl
Page 94 and 95:
92. Voles (Clethrionomys, Microtus)
Page 96 and 97:
spruces, where they were vulnerable
Page 98 and 99:
96. diet of Mustela nivalis from ot
Page 100 and 101:
98. THE PROBLEM OF SEX RATIO IN ERM
Page 102 and 103:
100. commercial seasons): (1) Aktuy
Page 104 and 105:
102. The excess of males over femal
Page 106 and 107:
104. INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON TH
Page 108 and 109:
1~. Observations of ermine trails e
Page 110 and 111:
108· DATA ON THE BIOLOGY or THE ER
Page 112 and 113:
TABLE 1. Data on food of ermine Mat
Page 114 and 115:
I Ii I II. Reproduction Indications
Page 116 and 117:
114. Furthe~on 19.7.36, a male ermi
Page 118 and 119:
116. TABLE 3. Sex ratio of ermine.
Page 120 and 121:
118. (a) STOATS AND WEASELS AND THE
Page 122 and 123:
120. \ I 1 The results show that ea
Page 124 and 125:
122. @ o Permanent sleeping quarter
Page 126 and 127:
124· It is interesting to compare
Page 128 and 129:
126. they can run absolutely incred
Page 130 and 131:
128. in the woods, in cultivated la
Page 132 and 133:
130. Fig.8 The prints of stoats and
Page 134 and 135:
AGE DETERMINATION AND AGE STRUCTURE
Page 136 and 137:
(3) 134· the condylobasal length -
Page 138 and 139:
136. the ratio of the interoribtal
Page 140 and 141:
Table 1. Measurements of skulls of
Page 142 and 143:
140. Table 3. Measurements of Sagit
Page 144 and 145:
142. Comparison of the results of t
Page 146 and 147:
144. REFERENCES 1. Paramonov, A.A.
Page 148 and 149:
146. dimensions increase rapidly.
Page 150 and 151:
148. pine martens exhibit all these
Page 152 and 153:
150. and 14.380 g); was 0.18 g/mm;
Page 154 and 155:
152. one molar were still small mi
Page 156 and 157:
palatinum are also retained. In yea
Page 158 and 159:
ange is 3.0 to 4.0 mm. The sagittal
Page 160 and 161:
158. ANALYSIS OF THE AGE STRUCTURE
Page 162 and 163:
When my data were analysed, using t
Page 164 and 165:
162. In winter there is a substant
Page 166 and 167:
, 164 Large variations in age rati
Page 168 and 169:
p 166. animals changes little, the
Page 170 and 171:
168. REFERENCES Grakov, V••N 19
Page 172 and 173:
170. EFFECT OF HELMINTH INVASIONS
Page 174 and 175:
172. Table 2. Species and distribu
Page 176 and 177:
174. + denotes the presence of a p
Page 178 and 179:
176. brain. In some individuals we
Page 180 and 181:
• 178. is the final and evidently
Page 182 and 183:
180. The numbers of "mice" in the
Page 184 and 185:
182. undertaken, to determine the
Page 186 and 187:
184. Autopsy and bacteriological ex
Page 188 and 189:
186. In all four dead ermines auto
Page 190 and 191:
188. CHARACTERISTICS AND CAUSES OF
Page 192 and 193:
190. supplies of ermine became mor
Page 194 and 195:
Table 2. Food of the ermine in Nort
Page 196 and 197:
194· I n J. '" ,I ' , C1l '\ ,'\
Page 198 and 199:
196. In the fur harvest in Nov~sib
Page 200 and 201:
198. species were recorded in 1930-
Page 202 and 203:
200. in the Bashkir ASSR. In Kazak
Page 204 and 205:
202. Of the parasitic diseases, skr
Page 206 and 207:
204. raccoon to become acclimatised
Page 208 and 209:
Table 4. 206. Results of fox-track
Page 210 and 211:
-------------~ ------- 208. Adult
Page 212 and 213:
210. not now always the deciding fa
Page 214 and 215:
212. Belyshev, E.F. 1934. (Migratio
Page 216 and 217:
214. , Naumov, N.P. 1934. (Biology
Page 218 and 219:
216. INfECTION o~ THE PINE MARTEN (
Page 220 and 221:
218. the physiology of the host, d
Page 222 and 223:
220. less infected than males (by
Page 224 and 225:
222. Table 4. Filaroides infection
Page 226 and 227:
224. winter; the mean intensity of
Page 228 and 229:
226. Lavrov, N.P. 1944. The role o
Page 230 and 231:
228. bronchi. The posterior end of
Page 232 and 233:
2;0. Experimental infestation of th
Page 234 and 235:
232. collected from the same marsh
Page 236 and 237:
234 mature stage in the polecat las
Page 238 and 239:
of the frontal sinuses. By active m
Page 240 and 241:
238. We used Berman's method to inv
Page 242 and 243:
240. Subsequent experiments establ
Page 244 and 245:
242. Bibliography of other transla
Page 246 and 247:
244. (3) Available from Elton Libr
Page 248 and 249:
246. NASILOV, S.B. 1972. [Feeding o
Page 250 and 251:
(90 20 40 ._"" \:;)'./ J ----J ( 1,
Page 252 and 253:
250. p.248 Key to lVJaps 1 Norway
Page 254 and 255:
252. 121 Semipalatinsk 122 Altai
Page 256 and 257:
254. Number Place Co-ordinates Pag
Page 258 and 259:
Number on map 10 141 46 79 70
Page 260 and 261:
258. Number Place Co-ordinates on
Page 262 and 263:
260. Subject Index Activity, 57' 94
Page 264 and 265:
262. Surplus kills, 93, 111, 128 T
Page 266 and 267:
Mice, 91-92, 109, 121, 127, 191-193
Page 268:
266. Molluscs, 174, 217 Ag£iolim
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