Biology_of_Mustelids_Vol_1.pdf

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60. transgressed by one sex or the other. P.B. Yurgenson (1933), who examined the sexual dimorphism of the Shantar stoat, found, however, that the male skull can be distinguished from the female skull in saveral features, either non-transgressive (total, basal and condylobasal length) or contiguous (facial length, zygomatic width, mastoid width, height of the skull in the region of the hard palate, and so ( a) on). Most measurements of the skull (14 of 3D) ~n the series which he investigated had a slight tendency towards transgression, and only a few (length of the tympanic bullae, the distance between them, height of the skull behind the canine teeth, width between the supraorbital processes, and height of the foramen magnum) showed considerable overlap of the extreme values. It is possible that, in the stoat, there is regional variation in the degree of sexual dimorphism of the absolute dimensions of the skull. However, ~n order to discover why Yurgenson (1933) reached different conclusions from, my own, it is necessary to enalyse differences between the craniological featurss of males and females in collections from different parts of the Soviet Union. To begin with, following Yurgenson I repeated the investigation of specimens of the Shantar stoat, and proved to my satisfaction that in this series there definitely is a very clearly marked sexual dimorphism of the absolute dimensions of the skull (Table 4). However, a more careful study suggestec tlat tla extent of l1e sexual dimorphism in the Shantar collection is influenced by the nature of the sample. In the first place, the series is relatively small (103 skulls in Yurgenson's study and 109 in mine), and if it were enlarged, the range of measurements for some variates might widen. Secondly, differences in the age ratios of the two sexes are very noticeable: whereas 31 of the 71 male skulls belonged to animals more than a year old, 35 of the 38 female skulls belonged to semi-adult specimens. In other words, in my material (a) See p.39
61. TABLE 2. Skull dimensions of male stoats Dimensions Age Number Range Arith- No. in of metie years speci- mean mens ( 0.5-1 384 34.7-45.5 39.81 1 Basilar length ( 1 -6 548 35.5-47.4 41.39 ( 0.5-1 385 38.6-50.0 44.31 :£ Condylobasal length ( 1 -6 557 39.5-52.5 45.91 ( 0.5-1 397 14.4-20.8 17.33 3 Length of hard palate ( 1 -6 569 15.1-21.7 18.16 4 Length of interpterygoid ( 0.5-1 361 5.2- 8.0 6.44 fossa ( 1 -6 510 5.5- 8.6 6.69 5 Length from foramen magnum ( 0.5-1 382 19.5-25.2 22.51 to hard palate ( 1 -6 549 20.1-25.9 23.18 6 Length of tympanic bulla ( 0.5-1 394 12.4-16.1 14.34 ( 1 -6 575 12.5-16.6 14.71 ( 0.5-1 404 9.5-15.1 11.90 7 Length of upper row of teeth ( 1 -6 580 10.4-14.1 12.37 8 Length of lower row 9 Length of of teeth~ upper canine tooth~ 0.5-1 373 11.8-17",4 14.96 1 -6 552 12.8-17 .8 15.61 0.5-1 404 3.6- 5.5 4.41 1 -6 581 3.6- 5.8 4.56 ( 0.5-1 401 1.1- 2.5 1.70 10 Length of upper molar tooth ( 1 -6 577 1.1- 2.5 1.76 11 Length of lower canine tooth~ 0.5-1 391 4.0- 6.2 5.07 1 -6 569 4.1- 6.3 5.25 ( 0.5-1 405 6.7-10.9 8.86 12 Rostral width ( 1 -6 580 7.2-11.2 9.37 13 Interorbital width 14 ( 0.5-1 401 8.4-12.8 10.53 ( 1 -6 574 8.3-13.0 11.10 Width between ends of ( 0.5-1 393 10.2-15.7 12.72 supraorbital processes ( 1 -6 562 10.8-16.2 13.37 ( 0.5-1 395 8.8-12.8 10.59 15 Postorbital width ( '1 -6 570 7.8-12.7 10.59 16 Zygomatic width 17 Mastoid width ( 0.5-1 337 20.2-28.4 24.37 ( 1 -6 504 20.0-30.2 25.60 ( 0.5-1 389 17.5-25.0 21.40 ( 1 -6 558 18.4-26.4 22.28 ( 0.5-1 388 18.4-23.7 20.79 18 Auricular width ( 1 -6 557 18.2-23.0 20.96 19 Width of hard palate 20 Width of tympanic bullae 21 Width of nasal aperture ( 0.5-1 399 10.7-15.7 13.45 ( 1 -6 577 11.5-16.9 13.98 ( 0.5-1 395 6.2- 9.9 7.78 ( 1 -6 574 6.4- 9.4 8.02 ( 0.5-1 390 3.8- 5.8 4.63 ( 1 -6 561 4.0-6.1 4.84 f I ,t \( f
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BIOLOGY " OF MUSTELIDS SOME SOVIET
Page 4 and 5:
2 12. L.S. Ryabov: HeKoTopRe Bospac
Page 6 and 7:
at 4 Bart IV Bathologr Page 14. N.P
Page 8 and 9:
\ I 6 Quotations in the text to a n
Page 10 and 11:
8. the regions inhabited by the nor
Page 12 and 13: 10. larger and longer-tailed muthwa
Page 14 and 15: 12. putgriue (ArctoQale) pygmaeus,
Page 16 and 17: 14. the weasels from these regions.
Page 18 and 19: 16. Sub-species: 1 • Mustela niva
Page 20 and 21: 18. the Caucasus. In 1911, Satunin
Page 22 and 23: 20. (M.10.3), the postorbital width
Page 24 and 25: orbital constriction is 1.5-7.8 mm
Page 26 and 27: 24. 14.0-16.8 mm (M. 15.1) in the f
Page 28 and 29: the length of the tail 37-60 mm (M.
Page 30 and 31: 28. K A 1907 Mammals of the North-E
Page 32 and 33: 30. \ I, THE VALIDITY OF BERGMAN'S
Page 34 and 35: 32. the error in a~empting to find
Page 36 and 37: 34. Table 2. Intraspecific variatio
Page 38 and 39: 36. (4) In the desert regions of Ce
Page 40 and 41: 38. 9. Naumov, N.P. 1955. Ekologiya
Page 42 and 43: 40. index Z, (e) equal to 18.1 per
Page 44 and 45: AGE VARIATION G.D. Dul'keit (loc.ci
Page 46 and 47: ~-------- -- TABLE 1. Sarial No. 1
Page 48 and 49: 46. TABLE 2. Measurements af Female
Page 50 and 51: 48. The ermine and, in particuler,
Page 52 and 53: 50. the formula were as follows : I
Page 54 and 55: 52. is also a small increase with a
Page 56 and 57: 54. REfERENCES 1. Ognev~ 5.1. 1929.
Page 58 and 59: 56. differences due to sex and age
Page 60 and 61: 58. associated by Teplov with the f
Page 64 and 65: 62. Table 2 (continued) No. Dimensi
Page 66 and 67: 64. Table 3 ( continuad) ND. Dimens
Page 68 and 69: --------------- 66· TABLE 5. Diffe
Page 70 and 71: 68. The teble and figures show that
Page 72 and 73: 70. bullae, height of the foramen o
Page 74 and 75: 72. TABLE 7. Sexual dimorphism of a
Page 76 and 77: 74. narrower and lower in the facia
Page 78 and 79: 76. REFERENCES Aspisov, 0.1., and P
Page 80 and 81: 78. Ushakov, V.E. 1930. from the li
Page 82 and 83: -------------------~------------ 80
Page 84 and 85: 82. The relative weight of the musc
Page 86 and 87: 84. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ECOLOGY O
Page 88 and 89: $ 86. Diagnosis The winter coats of
Page 90 and 91: 88. Numbers Trappers can not make a
Page 92 and 93: ~. show this relationship: but repl
Page 94 and 95: 92. Voles (Clethrionomys, Microtus)
Page 96 and 97: spruces, where they were vulnerable
Page 98 and 99: 96. diet of Mustela nivalis from ot
Page 100 and 101: 98. THE PROBLEM OF SEX RATIO IN ERM
Page 102 and 103: 100. commercial seasons): (1) Aktuy
Page 104 and 105: 102. The excess of males over femal
Page 106 and 107: 104. INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON TH
Page 108 and 109: 1~. Observations of ermine trails e
Page 110 and 111: 108· DATA ON THE BIOLOGY or THE ER
Page 112 and 113:
TABLE 1. Data on food of ermine Mat
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I Ii I II. Reproduction Indications
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114. Furthe~on 19.7.36, a male ermi
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116. TABLE 3. Sex ratio of ermine.
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118. (a) STOATS AND WEASELS AND THE
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120. \ I 1 The results show that ea
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122. @ o Permanent sleeping quarter
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124· It is interesting to compare
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126. they can run absolutely incred
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128. in the woods, in cultivated la
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130. Fig.8 The prints of stoats and
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AGE DETERMINATION AND AGE STRUCTURE
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(3) 134· the condylobasal length -
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136. the ratio of the interoribtal
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Table 1. Measurements of skulls of
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140. Table 3. Measurements of Sagit
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142. Comparison of the results of t
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144. REFERENCES 1. Paramonov, A.A.
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146. dimensions increase rapidly.
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148. pine martens exhibit all these
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150. and 14.380 g); was 0.18 g/mm;
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152. one molar were still small mi
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palatinum are also retained. In yea
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ange is 3.0 to 4.0 mm. The sagittal
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158. ANALYSIS OF THE AGE STRUCTURE
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When my data were analysed, using t
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162. In winter there is a substant
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, 164 Large variations in age rati
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p 166. animals changes little, the
Page 170 and 171:
168. REFERENCES Grakov, V••N 19
Page 172 and 173:
170. EFFECT OF HELMINTH INVASIONS
Page 174 and 175:
172. Table 2. Species and distribu
Page 176 and 177:
174. + denotes the presence of a p
Page 178 and 179:
176. brain. In some individuals we
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• 178. is the final and evidently
Page 182 and 183:
180. The numbers of "mice" in the
Page 184 and 185:
182. undertaken, to determine the
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184. Autopsy and bacteriological ex
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186. In all four dead ermines auto
Page 190 and 191:
188. CHARACTERISTICS AND CAUSES OF
Page 192 and 193:
190. supplies of ermine became mor
Page 194 and 195:
Table 2. Food of the ermine in Nort
Page 196 and 197:
194· I n J. '" ,I ' , C1l '\ ,'\
Page 198 and 199:
196. In the fur harvest in Nov~sib
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198. species were recorded in 1930-
Page 202 and 203:
200. in the Bashkir ASSR. In Kazak
Page 204 and 205:
202. Of the parasitic diseases, skr
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204. raccoon to become acclimatised
Page 208 and 209:
Table 4. 206. Results of fox-track
Page 210 and 211:
-------------~ ------- 208. Adult
Page 212 and 213:
210. not now always the deciding fa
Page 214 and 215:
212. Belyshev, E.F. 1934. (Migratio
Page 216 and 217:
214. , Naumov, N.P. 1934. (Biology
Page 218 and 219:
216. INfECTION o~ THE PINE MARTEN (
Page 220 and 221:
218. the physiology of the host, d
Page 222 and 223:
220. less infected than males (by
Page 224 and 225:
222. Table 4. Filaroides infection
Page 226 and 227:
224. winter; the mean intensity of
Page 228 and 229:
226. Lavrov, N.P. 1944. The role o
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228. bronchi. The posterior end of
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2;0. Experimental infestation of th
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232. collected from the same marsh
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234 mature stage in the polecat las
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of the frontal sinuses. By active m
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238. We used Berman's method to inv
Page 242 and 243:
240. Subsequent experiments establ
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242. Bibliography of other transla
Page 246 and 247:
244. (3) Available from Elton Libr
Page 248 and 249:
246. NASILOV, S.B. 1972. [Feeding o
Page 250 and 251:
(90 20 40 ._"" \:;)'./ J ----J ( 1,
Page 252 and 253:
250. p.248 Key to lVJaps 1 Norway
Page 254 and 255:
252. 121 Semipalatinsk 122 Altai
Page 256 and 257:
254. Number Place Co-ordinates Pag
Page 258 and 259:
Number on map 10 141 46 79 70
Page 260 and 261:
258. Number Place Co-ordinates on
Page 262 and 263:
260. Subject Index Activity, 57' 94
Page 264 and 265:
262. Surplus kills, 93, 111, 128 T
Page 266 and 267:
Mice, 91-92, 109, 121, 127, 191-193
Page 268:
266. Molluscs, 174, 217 Ag£iolim
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