Biology_of_Mustelids_Vol_1.pdf

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34. Table 2. Intraspecific variation in body length (mm) of the ermine Males Females Ermine No.of individuals studied Range Mean (arithmetic) No. of individuals studied Range Mean (arithmetic) Central Russian Tobol'skii Turukhanskii Kolymskii Karaginskii Kamchatskii Ferganskii Semirechenskii Altaiskii Mongolian Zabaikaltskii Shantarskii 49 4 56 22 3 10 8 7 14 3 7 5 199-350 225-350 207-350 203-250 220-230 216-325 187-300 218-260 20~380 217-257 220-242 205-226 253.4 272.0 255.3 230.4 226.7 252.7 224.9 241.9 250.2 234.0 234.0 219.6 16 6 18 4 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 190-270 205-260 196-228 176-221 215-222 162-195 170-224 210-255 213 195 186 227.5 233.0 210.4 201.0 218.5 177.0 205.0 225.0 213 195 186 The data in Table 2 indicate a rule in the variation in body length of the ermine from different regions of Soviet Union. Among the groups in the northern series examined by us, the Tobol'skii animals show the greatest body length. From here, both to the west, represented by Central Russian ermine, and also to the east, towards the Turukhanskii, Kolymskii, and Karaginskii districts, there is a decrease in body length. In this series the Karaginskii ermine have the smallest body length. The group of Kamchatka animals occupies a special position, as their body length is similar to those of Central Russia. Among the groups of the southern series, the greatest body length is found in the Altaiskii ermine. From here it successively decreases both towards the west (Semirechinskii and Ferganskii groups) and towards the east (Mongolian, Zabaikal'skii, and Shantarskii groups). animals have the smallest body length in this series. The Shantarskii Our data, concerning the intraspecific~riationin body size of the ermine, correspond well with other information concerning the size of ermine skins from different mountain ridges (12, 7,11) These studies found that the Tobol'skii and Northern Kazakhstan animals were the largest.
35. In analysis of this material, we took intq consideration the fact that each geographical region, in which one of tha groups of ermine lives, differs, not only in the details of each meteorological element, (temperature, moisture, etc.), but also in the climate in general. However, as our main task was to evaluate "Bergmann's RUle" as applied to intraspecific variation in the ermine, most attention was devoted to the temperature factor. Fairly accurate information was also collected on differences in the amount of precipitation in the geographical regions we examined. In the course of this work tha data of Berg(2,3,4), Rikhter(13,14), Formozov(18) Borisov(S) and other workers were used. A study of the. annual range of temperature and precipitation in the [twelve] regions enable one to make the following preliminary conclusions (1) Tha largest groups of ermine (Central Russian, Tobol'skii, Altaiskii, and Kamchatskii) ara found in regions with a moderately cold winter (average monthly temperature for December-January of -10 to _20 o C), during which there is a large amount of snow (from 25-40 mm of precipitation received during the period November-March). (2) Regions in which the small continental ermine are found (Kolymskii and Zabaikal'skii) have extremely low winter temperatures (average monthly temperature for December-January is -20 to -SOoCh during which there is an insigrificant amount of snow (from 0-10 mm of precipitation received during the period Novamber-March). (3) In the parts of Central Asia where the average monthly temperature J i t I ., for December-January is from 0 to -SoC, the small Ferganskii ermine is found. In winter (November-March) the monthly precipitation here is equivalent to 20-30 mm, and in summer (June-September) there is very little precipitation at all (1-5 mm per month). One should note that the boundaries of the distribution of this form of ermine have not yet been adequately determined, and so our data concerning the temperature and precipitation characteristic of the region of its distribution are provisional.
Page 2 and 3: BIOLOGY " OF MUSTELIDS SOME SOVIET
Page 4 and 5: 2 12. L.S. Ryabov: HeKoTopRe Bospac
Page 6 and 7: at 4 Bart IV Bathologr Page 14. N.P
Page 8 and 9: \ I 6 Quotations in the text to a n
Page 10 and 11: 8. the regions inhabited by the nor
Page 12 and 13: 10. larger and longer-tailed muthwa
Page 14 and 15: 12. putgriue (ArctoQale) pygmaeus,
Page 16 and 17: 14. the weasels from these regions.
Page 18 and 19: 16. Sub-species: 1 • Mustela niva
Page 20 and 21: 18. the Caucasus. In 1911, Satunin
Page 22 and 23: 20. (M.10.3), the postorbital width
Page 24 and 25: orbital constriction is 1.5-7.8 mm
Page 26 and 27: 24. 14.0-16.8 mm (M. 15.1) in the f
Page 28 and 29: the length of the tail 37-60 mm (M.
Page 30 and 31: 28. K A 1907 Mammals of the North-E
Page 32 and 33: 30. \ I, THE VALIDITY OF BERGMAN'S
Page 34 and 35: 32. the error in a~empting to find
Page 38 and 39: 36. (4) In the desert regions of Ce
Page 40 and 41: 38. 9. Naumov, N.P. 1955. Ekologiya
Page 42 and 43: 40. index Z, (e) equal to 18.1 per
Page 44 and 45: AGE VARIATION G.D. Dul'keit (loc.ci
Page 46 and 47: ~-------- -- TABLE 1. Sarial No. 1
Page 48 and 49: 46. TABLE 2. Measurements af Female
Page 50 and 51: 48. The ermine and, in particuler,
Page 52 and 53: 50. the formula were as follows : I
Page 54 and 55: 52. is also a small increase with a
Page 56 and 57: 54. REfERENCES 1. Ognev~ 5.1. 1929.
Page 58 and 59: 56. differences due to sex and age
Page 60 and 61: 58. associated by Teplov with the f
Page 62 and 63: 60. transgressed by one sex or the
Page 64 and 65: 62. Table 2 (continued) No. Dimensi
Page 66 and 67: 64. Table 3 ( continuad) ND. Dimens
Page 68 and 69: --------------- 66· TABLE 5. Diffe
Page 70 and 71: 68. The teble and figures show that
Page 72 and 73: 70. bullae, height of the foramen o
Page 74 and 75: 72. TABLE 7. Sexual dimorphism of a
Page 76 and 77: 74. narrower and lower in the facia
Page 78 and 79: 76. REFERENCES Aspisov, 0.1., and P
Page 80 and 81: 78. Ushakov, V.E. 1930. from the li
Page 82 and 83: -------------------~------------ 80
Page 84 and 85: 82. The relative weight of the musc
Page 86 and 87:
84. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ECOLOGY O
Page 88 and 89:
$ 86. Diagnosis The winter coats of
Page 90 and 91:
88. Numbers Trappers can not make a
Page 92 and 93:
~. show this relationship: but repl
Page 94 and 95:
92. Voles (Clethrionomys, Microtus)
Page 96 and 97:
spruces, where they were vulnerable
Page 98 and 99:
96. diet of Mustela nivalis from ot
Page 100 and 101:
98. THE PROBLEM OF SEX RATIO IN ERM
Page 102 and 103:
100. commercial seasons): (1) Aktuy
Page 104 and 105:
102. The excess of males over femal
Page 106 and 107:
104. INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON TH
Page 108 and 109:
1~. Observations of ermine trails e
Page 110 and 111:
108· DATA ON THE BIOLOGY or THE ER
Page 112 and 113:
TABLE 1. Data on food of ermine Mat
Page 114 and 115:
I Ii I II. Reproduction Indications
Page 116 and 117:
114. Furthe~on 19.7.36, a male ermi
Page 118 and 119:
116. TABLE 3. Sex ratio of ermine.
Page 120 and 121:
118. (a) STOATS AND WEASELS AND THE
Page 122 and 123:
120. \ I 1 The results show that ea
Page 124 and 125:
122. @ o Permanent sleeping quarter
Page 126 and 127:
124· It is interesting to compare
Page 128 and 129:
126. they can run absolutely incred
Page 130 and 131:
128. in the woods, in cultivated la
Page 132 and 133:
130. Fig.8 The prints of stoats and
Page 134 and 135:
AGE DETERMINATION AND AGE STRUCTURE
Page 136 and 137:
(3) 134· the condylobasal length -
Page 138 and 139:
136. the ratio of the interoribtal
Page 140 and 141:
Table 1. Measurements of skulls of
Page 142 and 143:
140. Table 3. Measurements of Sagit
Page 144 and 145:
142. Comparison of the results of t
Page 146 and 147:
144. REFERENCES 1. Paramonov, A.A.
Page 148 and 149:
146. dimensions increase rapidly.
Page 150 and 151:
148. pine martens exhibit all these
Page 152 and 153:
150. and 14.380 g); was 0.18 g/mm;
Page 154 and 155:
152. one molar were still small mi
Page 156 and 157:
palatinum are also retained. In yea
Page 158 and 159:
ange is 3.0 to 4.0 mm. The sagittal
Page 160 and 161:
158. ANALYSIS OF THE AGE STRUCTURE
Page 162 and 163:
When my data were analysed, using t
Page 164 and 165:
162. In winter there is a substant
Page 166 and 167:
, 164 Large variations in age rati
Page 168 and 169:
p 166. animals changes little, the
Page 170 and 171:
168. REFERENCES Grakov, V••N 19
Page 172 and 173:
170. EFFECT OF HELMINTH INVASIONS
Page 174 and 175:
172. Table 2. Species and distribu
Page 176 and 177:
174. + denotes the presence of a p
Page 178 and 179:
176. brain. In some individuals we
Page 180 and 181:
• 178. is the final and evidently
Page 182 and 183:
180. The numbers of "mice" in the
Page 184 and 185:
182. undertaken, to determine the
Page 186 and 187:
184. Autopsy and bacteriological ex
Page 188 and 189:
186. In all four dead ermines auto
Page 190 and 191:
188. CHARACTERISTICS AND CAUSES OF
Page 192 and 193:
190. supplies of ermine became mor
Page 194 and 195:
Table 2. Food of the ermine in Nort
Page 196 and 197:
194· I n J. '" ,I ' , C1l '\ ,'\
Page 198 and 199:
196. In the fur harvest in Nov~sib
Page 200 and 201:
198. species were recorded in 1930-
Page 202 and 203:
200. in the Bashkir ASSR. In Kazak
Page 204 and 205:
202. Of the parasitic diseases, skr
Page 206 and 207:
204. raccoon to become acclimatised
Page 208 and 209:
Table 4. 206. Results of fox-track
Page 210 and 211:
-------------~ ------- 208. Adult
Page 212 and 213:
210. not now always the deciding fa
Page 214 and 215:
212. Belyshev, E.F. 1934. (Migratio
Page 216 and 217:
214. , Naumov, N.P. 1934. (Biology
Page 218 and 219:
216. INfECTION o~ THE PINE MARTEN (
Page 220 and 221:
218. the physiology of the host, d
Page 222 and 223:
220. less infected than males (by
Page 224 and 225:
222. Table 4. Filaroides infection
Page 226 and 227:
224. winter; the mean intensity of
Page 228 and 229:
226. Lavrov, N.P. 1944. The role o
Page 230 and 231:
228. bronchi. The posterior end of
Page 232 and 233:
2;0. Experimental infestation of th
Page 234 and 235:
232. collected from the same marsh
Page 236 and 237:
234 mature stage in the polecat las
Page 238 and 239:
of the frontal sinuses. By active m
Page 240 and 241:
238. We used Berman's method to inv
Page 242 and 243:
240. Subsequent experiments establ
Page 244 and 245:
242. Bibliography of other transla
Page 246 and 247:
244. (3) Available from Elton Libr
Page 248 and 249:
246. NASILOV, S.B. 1972. [Feeding o
Page 250 and 251:
(90 20 40 ._"" \:;)'./ J ----J ( 1,
Page 252 and 253:
250. p.248 Key to lVJaps 1 Norway
Page 254 and 255:
252. 121 Semipalatinsk 122 Altai
Page 256 and 257:
254. Number Place Co-ordinates Pag
Page 258 and 259:
Number on map 10 141 46 79 70
Page 260 and 261:
258. Number Place Co-ordinates on
Page 262 and 263:
260. Subject Index Activity, 57' 94
Page 264 and 265:
262. Surplus kills, 93, 111, 128 T
Page 266 and 267:
Mice, 91-92, 109, 121, 127, 191-193
Page 268:
266. Molluscs, 174, 217 Ag£iolim
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