Biology_of_Mustelids_Vol_1.pdf

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When my data were analysed, using the equations of Martinson et al. 1961, I found that the mean lifespan of the ermine in the wild is 1-1.5 years, and that the population turn-over is complete in 3-5 years. By contrast, the mean lifespan of the weasel is 1.5-2.0 years(a} (Hill 1939), that of the forest marten 2 years (Grakov 1963), that of the sable 2.5 years (Zaleker 1962), and that of the fox 1.5 years (Schofield 1958) • This predominance of young is fa t.tn d both throughout the country as a whole, and also in each region from which specimens were taken (see Table 1). Even in northern Kazakhstan, where the percentage of young was lowest in comparison with the other regions, they still comprised two-thirds of the population. In Northern latitudes - the Pechora-Ilych game reserve, and in particular the north of Tyumen' province - the overwhelming majority of the population consisted of this year's brood. The age composition varies in different latitudes. Taking four points with about the same longitude, the proportion of adult animals regularly increases from North to South, and that of the young decreases accordingly (Table 2). The reliability of these differences is 97-99%. Unfortunately we have insufficient data available from regions south of Northern Kazakhstan, but of eight skulls from Stavropol' region, five were from first year animals and thrae from adults, while of 21 skulls from the Northern Yakutsk region 20 were of first year animals and one adult. The pattern is similar in other regions (see Table 1). Most of our data refer to the commercial (winter) seasons; for comparison, we collected a few samples in summer, in two regions (North Tyumen' province and Northern Kazakhstan), but these are sufficient for statistical analysis. (a) It is not at all clear how Kopein extracted this unlikely figure from Hill's data. - Ed.
Table 1. Age structure of ermine populations in different regions of the USSR 48 m m I U U .r: C C ~ - .r: "0 '''; '''; Q) l1J C U Q) C :> :> U a::: N m >.:> l1J 0 ~ 0 C trJ l1J E .-I j:..f j:..f en "0 j:..f '''; trJ a::: ~ :J -0'1 H m- .-I 0.- j:..f C 0.- :> .mn I en \D m al co co I"- 0- trJ\D trJ C .... .;:t I-UN como 01 CON >. .Yo n j:..f N j:..f -N
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BIOLOGY " OF MUSTELIDS SOME SOVIET
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2 12. L.S. Ryabov: HeKoTopRe Bospac
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at 4 Bart IV Bathologr Page 14. N.P
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\ I 6 Quotations in the text to a n
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8. the regions inhabited by the nor
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10. larger and longer-tailed muthwa
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12. putgriue (ArctoQale) pygmaeus,
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14. the weasels from these regions.
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16. Sub-species: 1 • Mustela niva
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18. the Caucasus. In 1911, Satunin
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20. (M.10.3), the postorbital width
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orbital constriction is 1.5-7.8 mm
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24. 14.0-16.8 mm (M. 15.1) in the f
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the length of the tail 37-60 mm (M.
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28. K A 1907 Mammals of the North-E
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30. \ I, THE VALIDITY OF BERGMAN'S
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32. the error in a~empting to find
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34. Table 2. Intraspecific variatio
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36. (4) In the desert regions of Ce
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38. 9. Naumov, N.P. 1955. Ekologiya
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40. index Z, (e) equal to 18.1 per
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AGE VARIATION G.D. Dul'keit (loc.ci
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~-------- -- TABLE 1. Sarial No. 1
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46. TABLE 2. Measurements af Female
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48. The ermine and, in particuler,
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50. the formula were as follows : I
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52. is also a small increase with a
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54. REfERENCES 1. Ognev~ 5.1. 1929.
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56. differences due to sex and age
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58. associated by Teplov with the f
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60. transgressed by one sex or the
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62. Table 2 (continued) No. Dimensi
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64. Table 3 ( continuad) ND. Dimens
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--------------- 66· TABLE 5. Diffe
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68. The teble and figures show that
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70. bullae, height of the foramen o
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72. TABLE 7. Sexual dimorphism of a
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74. narrower and lower in the facia
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76. REFERENCES Aspisov, 0.1., and P
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78. Ushakov, V.E. 1930. from the li
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-------------------~------------ 80
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82. The relative weight of the musc
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84. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ECOLOGY O
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$ 86. Diagnosis The winter coats of
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88. Numbers Trappers can not make a
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~. show this relationship: but repl
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92. Voles (Clethrionomys, Microtus)
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spruces, where they were vulnerable
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96. diet of Mustela nivalis from ot
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98. THE PROBLEM OF SEX RATIO IN ERM
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100. commercial seasons): (1) Aktuy
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102. The excess of males over femal
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104. INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON TH
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1~. Observations of ermine trails e
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108· DATA ON THE BIOLOGY or THE ER
Page 112 and 113: TABLE 1. Data on food of ermine Mat
Page 114 and 115: I Ii I II. Reproduction Indications
Page 116 and 117: 114. Furthe~on 19.7.36, a male ermi
Page 118 and 119: 116. TABLE 3. Sex ratio of ermine.
Page 120 and 121: 118. (a) STOATS AND WEASELS AND THE
Page 122 and 123: 120. \ I 1 The results show that ea
Page 124 and 125: 122. @ o Permanent sleeping quarter
Page 126 and 127: 124· It is interesting to compare
Page 128 and 129: 126. they can run absolutely incred
Page 130 and 131: 128. in the woods, in cultivated la
Page 132 and 133: 130. Fig.8 The prints of stoats and
Page 134 and 135: AGE DETERMINATION AND AGE STRUCTURE
Page 136 and 137: (3) 134· the condylobasal length -
Page 138 and 139: 136. the ratio of the interoribtal
Page 140 and 141: Table 1. Measurements of skulls of
Page 142 and 143: 140. Table 3. Measurements of Sagit
Page 144 and 145: 142. Comparison of the results of t
Page 146 and 147: 144. REFERENCES 1. Paramonov, A.A.
Page 148 and 149: 146. dimensions increase rapidly.
Page 150 and 151: 148. pine martens exhibit all these
Page 152 and 153: 150. and 14.380 g); was 0.18 g/mm;
Page 154 and 155: 152. one molar were still small mi
Page 156 and 157: palatinum are also retained. In yea
Page 158 and 159: ange is 3.0 to 4.0 mm. The sagittal
Page 160 and 161: 158. ANALYSIS OF THE AGE STRUCTURE
Page 164 and 165: 162. In winter there is a substant
Page 166 and 167: , 164 Large variations in age rati
Page 168 and 169: p 166. animals changes little, the
Page 170 and 171: 168. REFERENCES Grakov, V••N 19
Page 172 and 173: 170. EFFECT OF HELMINTH INVASIONS
Page 174 and 175: 172. Table 2. Species and distribu
Page 176 and 177: 174. + denotes the presence of a p
Page 178 and 179: 176. brain. In some individuals we
Page 180 and 181: • 178. is the final and evidently
Page 182 and 183: 180. The numbers of "mice" in the
Page 184 and 185: 182. undertaken, to determine the
Page 186 and 187: 184. Autopsy and bacteriological ex
Page 188 and 189: 186. In all four dead ermines auto
Page 190 and 191: 188. CHARACTERISTICS AND CAUSES OF
Page 192 and 193: 190. supplies of ermine became mor
Page 194 and 195: Table 2. Food of the ermine in Nort
Page 196 and 197: 194· I n J. '" ,I ' , C1l '\ ,'\
Page 198 and 199: 196. In the fur harvest in Nov~sib
Page 200 and 201: 198. species were recorded in 1930-
Page 202 and 203: 200. in the Bashkir ASSR. In Kazak
Page 204 and 205: 202. Of the parasitic diseases, skr
Page 206 and 207: 204. raccoon to become acclimatised
Page 208 and 209: Table 4. 206. Results of fox-track
Page 210 and 211: -------------~ ------- 208. Adult
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210. not now always the deciding fa
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212. Belyshev, E.F. 1934. (Migratio
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214. , Naumov, N.P. 1934. (Biology
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216. INfECTION o~ THE PINE MARTEN (
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218. the physiology of the host, d
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220. less infected than males (by
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222. Table 4. Filaroides infection
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224. winter; the mean intensity of
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226. Lavrov, N.P. 1944. The role o
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228. bronchi. The posterior end of
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2;0. Experimental infestation of th
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232. collected from the same marsh
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234 mature stage in the polecat las
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of the frontal sinuses. By active m
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238. We used Berman's method to inv
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240. Subsequent experiments establ
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242. Bibliography of other transla
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244. (3) Available from Elton Libr
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246. NASILOV, S.B. 1972. [Feeding o
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(90 20 40 ._"" \:;)'./ J ----J ( 1,
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250. p.248 Key to lVJaps 1 Norway
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252. 121 Semipalatinsk 122 Altai
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254. Number Place Co-ordinates Pag
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Number on map 10 141 46 79 70
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258. Number Place Co-ordinates on
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260. Subject Index Activity, 57' 94
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262. Surplus kills, 93, 111, 128 T
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Mice, 91-92, 109, 121, 127, 191-193
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266. Molluscs, 174, 217 Ag£iolim
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