Principles of Community Engagement (Second Edition)

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tracing social ties among individuals may help engagement leaders to identify a community’s leadership, understand its behavior patterns, identify its high-risk groups, and strengthen its networks (Minkler et al , 1997) Chapter 6 explores this approach to understanding a community in greater depth Virtual Perspective Some communities map onto geographically defined areas, but today, individuals rely more and more on computer-mediated communications to access information, meet people, and make decisions that affect their lives (Kozinets, 2002) Examples of computer-mediated forms of communication include email, instant or text messaging, e-chat rooms, and social networking sites such as Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter (Flavian et al , 2005) Social groups or groups with a common interest that interact in an organized fashion on the Internet are considered “virtual communities” (Rheingold, 2000; Ridings et al , 2002) Without question, these virtual communities are potential partners for community-engaged health promotion and research Chapter 6 focuses on social networking and expands on the virtual perspective Individual Perspective Individuals have their own sense of community membership that is beyond the definitions of community applied by researchers and engagement leaders Moreover, they may have a sense of belonging to more than one community In addition, their sense of membership can change over time and may affect their participation in community activities (Minkler et al , 2004) The philosopher and psychologist William James shed light on this issue in his writings James thought it important to consider two perspectives on identity: the “I,” or how a person thinks about himself or herself, and the “me,” or how others see and think about that person Sometimes these two views agree and result in a shared sense of an identity, but other times they do not People should not make assumptions about identity based on appearance, language, or cultural origin; nor should they make assumptions about an individual’s perspective based on his or her identity (James, 1890) Today, the multiple communities that might be relevant for any individual — including families, workplace, and social, religious, and political associations — suggest that individuals are thinking about themselves in more complex ways than was the norm in years past 6
The eligibility criteria that scientists, policy makers, and others develop for social programs and research projects reflect one way that people perceive a group of proposed participants, but how much those criteria reflect the participants’ actual view of themselves is uncertain Practitioners of community engagement need to learn how individuals understand their identity and connections, enter into relationships, and form communities WHAT IS COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT? In the first edition of Principles, the authors developed a working definition of community engagement that captures its key features: …the process of working collaboratively with and through groups of people affiliated by geographic proximity, special interest, or similar situations to address issues affecting the well-being of those people It is a powerful vehicle for bringing about environmental and behavioral changes that will improve the health of the community and its members It often involves partnerships and coalitions that help mobilize resources and influence systems, change relationships among partners, and serve as catalysts for changing policies, programs, and practices (CDC, 1997, p 9) Community engagement can take many forms, and partners can include organized groups, agencies, institutions, or individuals Collaborators may be engaged in health promotion, research, or policy making Community engagement can also be seen as a continuum of community involvement Figure 1 1 below, modified from a diagram originally drawn by the International Association for Public Participation, illustrates one way of thinking about such a continuum Over time, a specific collaboration is likely to move along this continuum toward greater community involvement, and any given collaboration is likely to evolve in other ways, too Most notably, while community engagement may be achieved during a time-limited project, it frequently involves — and often evolves into — long-term partnerships that move from the traditional focus on a single health issue to address a range of social, economic, political, and environmental factors that affect health Community engagement can take many forms, and partners can include organized groups, agencies, institutions, or individuals. Collaborators may be engaged in health promotion, research, or policy making. 7
Page 1 and 2: PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS CTSA Community En
Page 5 and 6: Editorial and Research Staff Mina S
Page 7 and 8: For further information on the CTSA
Page 9 and 10: FOREWORD As Surgeon General, I am p
Page 11 and 12: Executive Summary
Page 13 and 14: of Veterans Affairs, and other fede
Page 15 and 16: REFERENCES Ahmed SM, Palermo AG Com
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 Community Engagement: Def
Page 19: clinics, agencies, after-school pro
Page 23 and 24: 2 Design and delivery—Improvement
Page 25 and 26: There is no question that culture a
Page 27 and 28: oot causes of problems while at the
Page 29 and 30: • Know the community, its constit
Page 31 and 32: • Coalitions require that each pa
Page 33 and 34: studies demonstrate that IRBs gener
Page 35 and 36: action at those levels This approac
Page 37 and 38: • S o c i e t y : Advocate for th
Page 39 and 40: According to Rogers, the characteri
Page 41 and 42: is the added value of CBPR to the r
Page 43 and 44: • It is important to understand c
Page 45 and 46: Butterfoss FD, Kegler MC (2002) Tow
Page 47 and 48: Flicker S, Travers R, Guta A, McDon
Page 49 and 50: Jones MR, Horner RD, Edwards LJ, Ho
Page 51 and 52: Minkler M Community organizing and
Page 53 and 54: Shore N Community-based participato
Page 55 and 56: Yale Center for Clinical Investigat
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 2 Principles of Community E
Page 59 and 60: • Ask community members to specif
Page 61 and 62: trust for a true partnership Such m
Page 63 and 64: that affect health and health dispa
Page 65 and 66: difference in the health of the pop
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 3 Successful Examples in th
Page 69 and 70: 59 TABLE 3.1. MATRIX OF CASE EXAMPL
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a mission statement written in the
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2. HEALTH-E-AME Background: The Med
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3. PROJECT SUGAR Background: Gullah
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Websites http://academicdepartments
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of the community context, developme
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5. HEALING OF THE CANOE Background:
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6. FORMANDO NUESTRO FUTURO/SHAPING
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7. IMPROVING AMERICAN INDIAN CANCER
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and the mistreatment of some Americ
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access to resources for healthy eat
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9. THE DENTAL PRACTICE-BASED RESEAR
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10. DIABETES EDUCATION & PREVENTION
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11. PROJECT DULCE Background: Diabe
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References Gilmer TP, Philis-Tsimik
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milestones in child development, ch
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Chapter 4 Managing Organizational S
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engagement is not limited to coalit
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Practice Element 1: Know the Commun
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each capacity component for this pr
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REFERENCES Butterfoss FD. Coalition
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Table 4.1. Know the Community, Its
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Table 4.3. Build and Sustain Networ
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Challenges in Improving Community E
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ecommended public health practices
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community setting can be just as ri
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These challenges do not compare, ho
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halted its efforts to collect data
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mechanisms for communication, the c
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The researchers and the community b
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Horn K, McGloin T, Dino G, Manzo K,
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Take-Home Messages • Be explicit
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At meetings of the CAB, decisions w
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3. WORKING WITH NONTRADITIONAL COMM
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B. How do you engage a state as a c
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to those applying for funds The eva
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4. INITIATING A PROJECT WITH A COMM
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B. How do you set up and maintain a
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References Blumenthal DS A communit
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parties grew frustrated The partner
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5. O VERCOMING COMPETING PRIORITIES
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Reference Reifsnider E, Hargraves M
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Take-Home Messages • “Splitting
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Although the CTSA sites in the Bost
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Chapter 6 The Value of Social Netwo
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Social networks can also play an im
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engagement effort, relationships mu
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engagement Furthermore, social medi
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REFERENCES Arthur T The role of soc
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Program Evaluation and Evaluating C
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approaches to evaluation that are p
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Several institutions have identifie
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Planning Defining and identifying s
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Once the positive outcome of a prog
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The major goal of empowerment evalu
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Table 7.1. Types of Evaluation Ques
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The evaluation of community engagem
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for understanding a community and i
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REFERENCES Anderson RM, Funnell MM,
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Patton MQ Qualitative evaluation an
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Chapter 8 Summary Donna Jo McCloske
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• Know the extent to which the fo
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Appendix A: Acronyms
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CDC Centers for Disease Control and
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NIH Publication No. 11-7782
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