4 - The Black Vault

THE BDM CORPORATION
11. W. A. Hammond, A Treatise on Insanity in Its Medical Relations (London:
H. K. Lewisk, 1883•, pp.-413-415.
12. These included tt,e Japanese surprise attack on Port Arthur, the inactivity
of the Russian Fleet, trench warfare, continuous Russian losses,
and the mutinous attitude of the Russian Fleet. See Dennis Warner and
Peggy Warner, The Tide at Sunrise (New York: Charter House, 1974).
13. R. S. Anderson, Neuropsychiatry in World War II (Washington, D.C.:
Zone of the Interior, Office of the Surgeon General, 1966) Vol. 1. A
rate of 2.5 combat stress casualties per 1,000 personnel is cited for
each of these three wars. Three reasons can be given for such a low
casualty incidence: psychiat-ic diagnosis was crude; short periods of
combat were separated by pr3lIJnged maneuvering; and all three wars
were relatively short.
14. Ibid.
15. Peter G. Bourne, Men, Stress, and Vietnam, p. 11. Dr. Bourne served
in Vietnam in 1965-1966 with the US Army Medical Research Team, Vietnam,
under the auspices of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research.
16. A similar division was used later by R. E. Strenge in his analysis of
psychiatric casualties on a hospit-' ship. Strange noted that there
was a relatively small group suffering genuine combat fatigue, a relatively
large group suffering from pseudo-combat fatigue (same symptoms,
but produced without actual combat exposure). He added a third category:
combat neurosis for those suffering from problems whose origins
clearly preceded the war, and whose symptoms may or may not havc been
aggravated by it. See R. E. Str3nge and R. .1. Arthur, "Hospital Ship
Psychiatry in a War Zone," American Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 1967.
17. Peter Bourre, Me, tress, and Vietnam, p. 11. is
18. W. J. Tiffany and W. S. Allerton, "Army Psychiatry in the Mid 60's"
American Journal of Psychiatry, CXXIII, 1967, pp. 810-821.
19. William S. AllErton, "Psych atric Casualties in Vietnam," Roche Medical
Image and Commentary, October 1970, p. 27.
20. Ibid.
21. Combat stress casualties were divided into five major symptomatic
categories. Approximately 6,000 men suffered the most serious form o'
combat stress: psychosis. Those patients were almost exclusively
schizophrenic. An equal number of patients demonstrated neurotic
symptoms. The majority of those men displayed an anxiet'y reaction.
Character and behavior disorders were the largest producers of
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