Technical Development of Waste Sector in Sweden: Survey

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MASTER’S THESIS IN ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES RESEARCH by ISO 14040, LCA is “compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle”. According to ISO 14040, LCA has four principle phases described as; 1. Goal & scope definition, 2. Inventory analysis, 3. Impact assessment and 4. Interpretation. Life Cycle Assessment Framework Goal & Scope Definition Inventory Analysis Interpretation Direct applications: • Product development & improvement • Strategic planning • Public policy making • Marketing • Others Impact Assessment Figure 2: Life Cycle Assessment Framework (ISO, 1997) Goal and scope definition: Goal and scope definition stands important in LCA because it clarifies the reason of conducting an LCA study and intended application of the findings. In the goal and scope definition, functional unit (reference unit for analysis or comparison) and system boundaries are defined precisely. Scope of LCA also provides information to the reader whether the model is accounting or change oriented. In accounting LCA, model represents the contribution of potential environmental impacts by a product or service, whereas, consequential LCA represents the consequence of the alternatives course of actions. Additionally, in accounting or stand alone LCA, average data are preferred and in consequential LCA marginal data are preferred to develop models. Inventory analysis: Inventory analysis is the construction of flow models, where inflow and outflow of the materials, energy, emissions data etc. are collected for the LCA model by considering the product life cycle. Flow chart of the model is developed in the inventory stage and data is then collected based on the quality of the data and the relevance of the model. Allocation of the different functions KUNGLIGA TEKNISKA HÖGSKOLAN 8 | Page
MASTER’S THESIS IN ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES RESEARCH in the inventory analysis phase is one of the most important parts in LCA. Allocation can be done by the partitioning or system expansion (Baumann and Tillman, 2004) depending on multi-input or multi-output processes. Impact Assessment: In the impact assessment phase, environmental burdens which are identified in the inventory stage are translated into different impact categories like resource use, human health and ecological consequences. Then these impact categories may be further normalized based on regional or global impact value. Impact assessment is done by characterization of impact categories, which represents the contribution of the impact in the environment. Normalization of impact categories represents the contribution of impact on their significance (i.e. impact is much or less significant compare to baseline normalize value). Interpretation: Interpretation is the valuation process of the finding from the LCI and impact assessment phases. The results are presented in the interpretation phase in different quantitative ways. Interpretation is done when comparing two different functions in order to identify which one has higher or less environmental impact. Direct application of LCA: there are different ways of applying LCA in practical world. Primarily, LCA is sued in product design and improvement; however, it’s hard to limit that at current situation because LCA is now being applying for different products and services at different levels. Strategic planning for waste management system is also very widely applicable area for LCA tool. In this study, the LCA model has been developed using the software SimaPro (7.0 version). There are four ISO standards (ISO 14040 to ISO14043) specifically designed for LCA applications, which would be replaced by the upcoming draft standard (ISO/DIS 14040 and ISO/DIS 14044) (PRé Consultants, 2006). Environmental assessment of the emerging technology (Pyrolysis-Gasification) has been done by using CML 2 baseline method. Ten different impact categories are shown in CML method while analyze environment burdens. Figure 3 shows the conceptual framework of CML 2000 method. KUNGLIGA TEKNISKA HÖGSKOLAN 9 | Page
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Technical Development of Waste Sector in Sweden: Survey

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