Technical Development of Waste Sector in Sweden: Survey

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MASTER’S THESIS IN ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES RESEARCH 5.2 Emerging Waste Treatment Technologies for Sweden As an emerging technology, the study identified those technology that are not present at the current time in Sweden and are not yet developed significantly for waste management system in Sweden. For example, conventional technologies like composting, landfill, anaerobic digestion and incineration are already established for waste treatment technologies in Sweden. Hence, these technologies are not analyzed in the study. Key feature of the emerging technologies are presented in Table 5 Emerging technologies are analyzed by SWOT analysis on the basis of strength, weakness, opportunity and threat of the certain technology. Results of the SWOT analysis are shown in Table 6. Different emerging technologies are identified as the potential waste treatment technologies for Sweden. Some of the technologies are tested at the research level at the laboratory and some of the technologies are applied as the pilot scale. For example, waste to protein is tested at the laboratory level with very limited data availability. On the other hand, pyrolysis-gasification is now applying mostly in small to large scale pilot project. Therefore, the development pace of emerging technologies is quite faster comparing to mature waste treatment technologies. Dry composting is one of the potential organic waste treatment options for Sweden. Dry composting is still on small scale pilot project level but very promising due to organic waste preservative options. Waste can be dried up and stored for the further energy recovery facilities like AD. Thermal waste treatment technology can manage different waste fractions at the same time, which is the primary benefit of thermal waste technologies. Resource recovery is also another reason for development of thermal technologies. Table 5 shows the key features of emerging technologies. Key features are given in the key points with other criteria’s. KUNGLIGA TEKNISKA HÖGSKOLAN 34 | Page
MASTER’S THESIS IN ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES RESEARCH Table 5: The Key Features of Emerging Waste Management Technologies Process es categori es Biologi cal Conver sion Therma l Conver sion Processes Type Dry Composting Sanitary Landfilling Gasification Key Features Natural decomposition process. Produces methane & carbon di-oxide (CH4 & CO2). In dry composting, organic waste or food wastes are preserved in dry mechanism. It reduces waste weight and volume by about 75%. Dried material can extract biogas via anaerobic digestion. Easy to preserve waste for future energy production. Biological waste treatment in control landfill area. Artificial liner is used for preventing leachate pollution Landfill gas contents primarily of methane and carbon dioxide are generated from the degradation of waste. More environmental friendly compare to traditional landfill due to controlled operation area. Thermal waste treatment technology. Gasification can be fermentation, briquetting, Fluidized bed or thermal cracking. Gasification is done in an controlled environment with limited access of air in 400-600 o C. Gasification can be possible for both wet and dry biomass for the production of synthesis gas, hydrogen- and methane-rich gas. Water gas reaction can be, C+ H2O=CO+H2 Waste Type Organic waste, garden waste, biodegra dable waste MSW MSW Conta minati on Mediu m (Emis sion) Multip le, (air, water and soil) Multip le (air, water) Multip le (air/w ater) Devel opme nt Stage Pilot scale Large Pilot scale Pilot Scale Data Availabili ty Limited emission data Available Limited References SWM Manuals (2000), Walker, L., et al.(2009) Prabha et al. (2007) Demirci et al., (2005), Richard Tom L., (2000), Avfall Sverige (2009) Ludwing et al., (2003), Tchobanoglos and George, (2002), Federation of Canadian Municipalities (2004) Rossum et al., (2008), Kruse, A. (2008), LEE, Andrew, O. (2001) Wilen et al., (2004), Alternative Resources, Inc (2006) KUNGLIGA TEKNISKA HÖGSKOLAN 35 | P a g e
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