Technical Development of Waste Sector in Sweden: Survey

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MASTER’S THESIS IN ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES RESEARCH Figure 3: Conceptual frame work of defining categories indicator (CML, 2001) Life cycle inventory results are analyzed based on impact categories. Characterization model and environmental impacts are considered for the model as the midpoint analysis in the CML method. In SimaPro software, CML model analyzes potential environmental impact using the following different impact categories: • Abiotic Depletion • Acidification • Eutrophication • Global Warming • Ozone Layer Depletion • Human Toxicity • Fresh Water Ecotoxicity • Marine Ecotoxicity • Terrestrial Ecotoxicity • Photochemical Oxidation Characterization in LCA model gives the idea on how much environmental burden, the process or product contributes to the environment. Normalization value implies the level of significance based on reference normalization values. In CML method, different normalization values like West Europe (1995), Netherlands (1997) or World (1995) can be considered. In this study, West Europe (1995) values are considered for the model. Table 2 shows the different reference normalization value. KUNGLIGA TEKNISKA HÖGSKOLAN 10 | Page
MASTER’S THESIS IN ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES RESEARCH Table 2: Normalization value in different impact categories in CML method Adopted LCA themes Unit West Europe, 1995 The Netherlands, 1997 World, 1995 Abiotic depletion kg Sb eq 6.76E-11 5.85E-10 6.39E-12 Acidification kg SO2 eq 3.66E-11 1.49E-9 3.11E-12 Eutrophication kg PO4--- eq 8.02E-11 1.99E-9 7.56E-12 Global warming (GWP100) kg CO2 eq 2.08 E-13 3.96E-12 2.41E-14 Ozone layer depletion (ODP) kg CFC-11 eq 1.20E-8 1.02E-6 1.94E-9 Human toxicity kg 1,4-DB eq 1.32E-13 5.32E-12 1.75E-14 Fresh water aquatic ecotox. kg 1,4-DB eq 1.98E-12 1.33E-10 4.90E-13 Marine aquatic ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DB eq 8.81E-15 3.14E-13 1.95E-15 Terrestrial ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DB eq 2.12E-11 1.09E-9 3.72E-12 Photochemical oxidation kg C2H4 1.21E-10 5.49E-9 1.04E-11 SimaPro, 2007 For this study, west Europe 1995 normalized data was considered as the baseline normalization data for the LCA model. Therefore, the normalization values showed in the LCA results, meaning that, significant of the different impact categories were compared with West Europe per person emission unit. KUNGLIGA TEKNISKA HÖGSKOLAN 11 | Page
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