Analysis and Testing of Ajax-based Single-page Web Applications

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Figure 1.1 The WWW growth. Note: Sites = number of web servers (one host may have multiple sites by using different domains or port numbers). Taken from (Zakon, 2006). party. The Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a URI, which also specifies the location of the identified resource and the protocol for accessing it (Berners-Lee et al., 1994); • The HyperText Markup Language (HTML), to format data in hypertext documents. Hypertext refers to text on a computer that makes a dynamic organization of information through connections (called hyperlinks) possible; • The HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), an application-level, stateless request-response protocol for distributed, hypermedia information systems (Fielding et al., 1999). It is used for transporting data on the network between the client (e.g., browser) and server. The protocol supports eight operations: GET, POST, HEAD, PUT, OPTIONS, DELETE, TRACE, and CONNECT. In practice, mostly the fist two are used to GET pages from, and POST user data to, servers. Using these concepts, a simple but powerful client/server architecture was developed in which resources could be linked together and easily accessed through web browsers. In the early nineties, the web was merely composed of linked simple static hypertext documents. Upon sending a request to the server, the server would simply locate and retrieve the corresponding web page on the file-system, and send it back to the client browser. The browser would then use the new web page to refresh the entire interface. Figure 1.2 shows one of the first web browsers called Mosaic, credited with popularizing the web because of its user friendly interface. 1.1.2 Dynamically Generated Pages After the wide adoption of the web, more complex web applications began to flourish, moving from static pages on the file-system to dynamically assem- 2 1.1. Web Evolution
Figure 1.2 Screen shot of the Mosaic web browser interface, late 1993, designed at NCSA. bled pages served by smarter web servers. Figure 1.3 shows the classical web client/server interaction style in which a typical scenario would be as follows: • the user clicks on a hypertext link (URL), • the browser sends a (HTTP GET) request to the server, • (static) if the request points to a file stored on disk, the server retrieves the contents of that file, • (dynamic) if the request cannot be associated with a file on the disk, then based on the request, the parameters, and the server-side state, the server assembles a new web page, • the server sends the page to the browser as a response, and • the browser refreshes the entire page. The first dynamic web pages were often created with the help of serverside languages, such as Perl, typically though the Common Gateway Interface (CGI), a standard (W3C, 1995) for interfacing external applications, such as databases, with web servers to assemble dynamic web pages. Chapter 1. Introduction 3
Page 1 and 2: Analysis and Testing of Ajax-based
Page 3 and 4: Contents Preface List of Acronyms i
Page 5 and 6: 3.3.4 Single-page UI Model Definiti
Page 7 and 8: 6.3.2 Trigger . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 9 and 10: Preface our years have passed since
Page 11 and 12: List of Acronyms ASP Active Server
Page 13: Introduction A ccording to recent s
Page 17 and 18: Figure 1.4 Screen shot of OpenLaszl
Page 19 and 20: DOM APIs, a technique that was call
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1.6 Screen shot of Google Su
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1.7 Screen shot of Google Do
Page 25 and 26: Reengineering Analysis & Testing Ar
Page 27 and 28: client/server and network-based env
Page 29 and 30: To the best of our knowledge, at th
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1 ❳❳ ❳ ❳ ❳❳ Cha
Page 33 and 34: equally and we chose to use an alph
Page 35 and 36: A Component- and Push-based Archite
Page 37 and 38: Page Internet Application aRchitect
Page 39 and 40: XML message containing directives t
Page 41 and 42: server sends the data to the client
Page 43 and 44: • Code reuse: shared implementati
Page 45 and 46: Rest provides Ajax demands Large-gr
Page 47 and 48: work well, will lose customers (Off
Page 49 and 50: communication between client and se
Page 51 and 52: GWT uses an RPC style of calling se
Page 53 and 54: DOM Client Browser event update Aja
Page 55 and 56: Client Server Legend Interaction po
Page 57 and 58: User Interactivity User-perceived L
Page 59 and 60: User Interactivity User-perceived L
Page 61 and 62: and does not comply with the Resour
Page 63 and 64: 2.8.9 Design Models Figure 2.8 show
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of user tasks as first class entiti
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Migrating Multi-page Web Applicatio
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Web App 1 Page deltaChange viewChan
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gational and structural model of th
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Classic Web application Retrieve pa
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Algorithm 1 1: procedure start (Pag
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3.5.2 Identifying Elements The list
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Classification # of pages Home (Ind
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Figure 3.7 A candidate UI component
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target system. Even though the tech
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Third, we proposed a schema-based c
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Performance Testing of Data Deliver
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Figure 4.1 A screenshot taken from
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the user. Ideally, the pulling inte
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Streaming Figure 4.3 shows how the
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4.4 Experimental Design In this sec
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Mean Publish Trip-time (MPT) We def
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tributes to the complexity of contr
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8. Start the publisher and begin pu
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Figure 4.8 Sample Stock Ticker Appl
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Figure 4.9 Mean Publish Trip-time C
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4.6.3 Received Publish Messages Fig
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Figure 4.12 Mean Number of Received
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Figure 4.13 Percentage of data item
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with pull is higher than push. This
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this scenario, a data item will onl
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With the pull approach, achieving t
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Crawling Ajax by Inferring User Int
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discusses the findings and open iss
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5.3 A Method for Crawling Ajax The
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Robot click UI Browser generate cli
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5.3.5 Creating States After firing
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1 crawl MyAjaxSite { 2 url: http://
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The generator uses JTidy 10 to pret
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G1. For the experiment we have manu
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19247 examined candidate elements,
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ich interactivity and responsivenes
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5.8 Related Work The concept behind
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Invariant-Based Automatic Testing o
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has some support for client-side sc
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6.3.2 Trigger Once we are able to d
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a new edge is created on the graph
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Other Invariants. In line with the
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6.7.1 Oracle Comparators After each
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Algorithm 4 Pre/postCrawling hooks
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LOC Server-side LOC Client-side DOM
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todo items, removing all items inst
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Failure Cause Violated Invariant In
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plications) is that it is very hard
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1. A series of fault models that ca
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Conclusion ith the advent of Ajax t
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out to be an appropriate framework
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plays a more prominent role in the
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correct behavior. Violations in the
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A great deal of our work has focuse
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A Single-page Ajax Example Applicat
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1 if(navigator.appName == "Microsof
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Figure A.5 The run-time DOM instanc
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Figure A.7 The request/response tra
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Samenvatting ⋆ Analyse en Testing
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een dergelijk model te creëren, do
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Bibliography Abrams, M., Phanouriou
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Bouras, C. and Konidaris, A. (2005)
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De Lucia, A., Scanniello, G., and T
Page 193 and 194:
Garofalakis, M., Gionis, A., Rastog
Page 195 and 196:
Levenshtein, V. L. (1996). Binary c
Page 197 and 198:
Netscape (1995). An exploration of
Page 199 and 200:
Sprenkle, S., Pollock, L., Esquivel
Page 201 and 202:
Wohlin, C., Runeson, P., Höst, M.,
Page 203 and 204:
Curriculum Vitae Personal Data Full
Page 205 and 206:
A. Dijkstra. Stepping through Haske
Page 207 and 208:
M. A. Abam. New Data Structures and
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