Analysis and Testing of Ajax-based Single-page Web Applications

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Figure 1.8 The classical poll-based AJAX interaction pattern (top) compared with the push-based style of a COMET application (bottom). Taken from Russell (2006). Google’s web-based chat application in Gmail and the in-browser instant messaging application Meebo 3 . Figure 1.8 taken from (Russell, 2006), shows from the perspective of network activity, the difference between the poll-based and push-based interaction patterns. 1.3 Challenges and Research Questions The new changes in the web bring not only advantages but also come with a whole set of new challenges. 3 Meebo, http://www.meebo.com 12 1.3. Challenges and Research Questions
Reengineering Analysis & Testing Architecture AJAX Figure 1.9 Our research viewpoints on AJAX web applications. Web sites and applications have been deployed at a fast pace not only by experts but also by individuals who lack the required training and knowledge to implement structured systems. Although this phenomenon has helped the fast adoption of the web itself, it has also drastically decreased the quality of software that is produced as a result. The manner in which such systems have been developed, deployed, and managed has raised serious concerns (Ginige and Murugesan, 2001). In addition, the use of multiple software languages to develop a single web application has contributed to the complexity of web systems. As a result, the field has been characterized by a lack of well-defined design methodologies and development processes (Coda et al., 1998). Hence, the need many researchers have felt for a new discipline, called Web Engineering, for web-based systems (Murugesan et al., 2001; Deshpande and Hansen, 2001). Although developing web applications is different from traditional software development and poses additional challenges due to the heterogeneous and distributed nature, we believe that web engineering can adopt and encompass many software engineering principles, that have been proven useful over the years. In this thesis, we examine challenges of developing interactive Ajax-based web systems from a software engineering perspective. Lehman and Belady’s laws of software evolution (Lehman and Belady, 1985) have taught us that software programs require change to remain useful. Over time, enabling software technologies and our understanding of software programs, in terms of their models (Jazayeri, 2005), evolve, while the expectations of the surrounding environment change. Software that is not modified to meet changing needs (e.g., end users’ expectations) becomes old (Parnas, 1994). Coping with aging software and evolving technologies is a challenging task for software engineers. The web is an excellent example of an evolving technology that causes its applications to age. It started as a simple static page-sequence client/server Chapter 1. Introduction 13
Page 1 and 2: Analysis and Testing of Ajax-based
Page 3 and 4: Contents Preface List of Acronyms i
Page 5 and 6: 3.3.4 Single-page UI Model Definiti
Page 7 and 8: 6.3.2 Trigger . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 9 and 10: Preface our years have passed since
Page 11 and 12: List of Acronyms ASP Active Server
Page 13 and 14: Introduction A ccording to recent s
Page 15 and 16: Figure 1.2 Screen shot of the Mosai
Page 17 and 18: Figure 1.4 Screen shot of OpenLaszl
Page 19 and 20: DOM APIs, a technique that was call
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1.6 Screen shot of Google Su
Page 23: Figure 1.7 Screen shot of Google Do
Page 27 and 28: client/server and network-based env
Page 29 and 30: To the best of our knowledge, at th
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1 ❳❳ ❳ ❳ ❳❳ Cha
Page 33 and 34: equally and we chose to use an alph
Page 35 and 36: A Component- and Push-based Archite
Page 37 and 38: Page Internet Application aRchitect
Page 39 and 40: XML message containing directives t
Page 41 and 42: server sends the data to the client
Page 43 and 44: • Code reuse: shared implementati
Page 45 and 46: Rest provides Ajax demands Large-gr
Page 47 and 48: work well, will lose customers (Off
Page 49 and 50: communication between client and se
Page 51 and 52: GWT uses an RPC style of calling se
Page 53 and 54: DOM Client Browser event update Aja
Page 55 and 56: Client Server Legend Interaction po
Page 57 and 58: User Interactivity User-perceived L
Page 59 and 60: User Interactivity User-perceived L
Page 61 and 62: and does not comply with the Resour
Page 63 and 64: 2.8.9 Design Models Figure 2.8 show
Page 65 and 66: of user tasks as first class entiti
Page 67 and 68: Migrating Multi-page Web Applicatio
Page 69 and 70: Web App 1 Page deltaChange viewChan
Page 71 and 72: gational and structural model of th
Page 73 and 74: Classic Web application Retrieve pa
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Algorithm 1 1: procedure start (Pag
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3.5.2 Identifying Elements The list
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Classification # of pages Home (Ind
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Figure 3.7 A candidate UI component
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target system. Even though the tech
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Third, we proposed a schema-based c
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Performance Testing of Data Deliver
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Figure 4.1 A screenshot taken from
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the user. Ideally, the pulling inte
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Streaming Figure 4.3 shows how the
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4.4 Experimental Design In this sec
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Mean Publish Trip-time (MPT) We def
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tributes to the complexity of contr
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8. Start the publisher and begin pu
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Figure 4.8 Sample Stock Ticker Appl
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Figure 4.9 Mean Publish Trip-time C
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4.6.3 Received Publish Messages Fig
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Figure 4.12 Mean Number of Received
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Figure 4.13 Percentage of data item
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with pull is higher than push. This
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this scenario, a data item will onl
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With the pull approach, achieving t
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Crawling Ajax by Inferring User Int
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discusses the findings and open iss
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5.3 A Method for Crawling Ajax The
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Robot click UI Browser generate cli
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5.3.5 Creating States After firing
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1 crawl MyAjaxSite { 2 url: http://
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The generator uses JTidy 10 to pret
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G1. For the experiment we have manu
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19247 examined candidate elements,
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ich interactivity and responsivenes
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5.8 Related Work The concept behind
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Invariant-Based Automatic Testing o
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has some support for client-side sc
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6.3.2 Trigger Once we are able to d
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a new edge is created on the graph
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Other Invariants. In line with the
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6.7.1 Oracle Comparators After each
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Algorithm 4 Pre/postCrawling hooks
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LOC Server-side LOC Client-side DOM
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todo items, removing all items inst
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Failure Cause Violated Invariant In
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plications) is that it is very hard
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1. A series of fault models that ca
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Conclusion ith the advent of Ajax t
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out to be an appropriate framework
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plays a more prominent role in the
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correct behavior. Violations in the
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A great deal of our work has focuse
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A Single-page Ajax Example Applicat
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1 if(navigator.appName == "Microsof
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Figure A.5 The run-time DOM instanc
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Figure A.7 The request/response tra
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Samenvatting ⋆ Analyse en Testing
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een dergelijk model te creëren, do
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Bibliography Abrams, M., Phanouriou
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Bouras, C. and Konidaris, A. (2005)
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De Lucia, A., Scanniello, G., and T
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Garofalakis, M., Gionis, A., Rastog
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Levenshtein, V. L. (1996). Binary c
Page 197 and 198:
Netscape (1995). An exploration of
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Sprenkle, S., Pollock, L., Esquivel
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Wohlin, C., Runeson, P., Höst, M.,
Page 203 and 204:
Curriculum Vitae Personal Data Full
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A. Dijkstra. Stepping through Haske
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M. A. Abam. New Data Structures and
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Analysis and Testing of Ajax-based Single-page Web Applications

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