Analysis and Testing of Ajax-based Single-page Web Applications

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Classic Web Application Nav. Model Extraction Nav. Model UI Component Model Identification Candidate UI Components Developer Single-page UI Model Definition Single Page UI Model Target UI Model Transformation Single Page UI Metamodel Target UI Metamodel e.g., BXML, GWT Ajax Interface Generate Target UI Model Figure 3.2 Reverse Engineering Classic Web Applications to Ajax Interfaces. 3.3.1 Retrieving Pages Looking at dynamic web applications from an end-user’s perspective enables us to gain an understanding of the application without having to cope with the many different server-side web programming languages. Building a runtime mirror-copy of the web pages can be carried out by applying static as well as dynamic analysis techniques. Static analysis can examine the pages and find href links to other internal pages. Dynamic analysis can help up to retrieve pages which require specific request parameters (form-based), for instance, through scenario-based test cases or collecting traces of user actions (e.g., sessions, input data) interacting with the web application. It is clear that the more our retrieved mirror-copy resembles the actual web application, the better our navigational path and UI component identification will be. 3.3.2 Navigational Path Extraction In order to migrate from a classic web application (source) to a single-page Ajax interface (target), we first need to gain an understanding of the navi- 58 3.3. Migration Process
gational and structural model of the source application. A navigational path is the route a user can take while browsing a web application, following links on the pages. For ajaxification, gaining an understanding of this navigational path is essential to be able to model the navigation in the single-page user interface model. For instance, knowing that Category pages link with Product Item List pages, implies that in our single-page model, we need a Category UI component which can navigate to the Product Item List UI component. While browsing a web application, the structural changes, for certain pages, are so minor that we can instantly notice we are browsing pages belonging to a certain category e.g., Product List. Classifying these similar pages into a group, simplifies our navigational model. Our hypothesis is that such a classification also provides a better model to search for candidate user interface components. 3.3.3 UI Component Model Identification Within web applications, navigating from one page (A) to another (B) usually means small changes in the interface. In terms of HTML source code, this means a great deal of the code in A and B is the same and only a fraction of the code is new in B. It is this new fraction that we humans distinguish as change while browsing the application. Speaking in terms of Ajax components, this would mean that instead of going from page A to B to see the interface change, we can simply update that part of A that needs to be replaced with the new fraction from B. Thus, this fraction of code from page B, becomes a UI component on its own in our target system. The identified list of candidate components along with the navigational model will help us define a single-page user interface model. 3.3.4 Single-page UI Model Definition Once we have identified candidate components, we can derive an Ajax representation for them. We have opted for an intermediate single page model, from which specific Ajax implementations can be derived. A starting point for such a model could be formed by user interface languages such as XUL, 1 XIML (Puerta and Eisenstein, 2002), and UIML (Abrams et al., 1999). However, most such languages are designed for static user interfaces with a fixed number of UI components and are less suited for modeling dynamic interfaces as required in Ajax. We are currently working on designing an abstract single-page user interface meta-model for Ajax applications. This abstract model should be capable of capturing dynamic changes, navigational paths as needed in such applications, and abstract general Ajax components, e.g., Button, Window, Modal, as depicted in Figure 3.1. 1 http://www.mozilla.org/projects/xul/ Chapter 3. Migrating Multi-page Web Applications to Ajax Interfaces 59
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Analysis and Testing of Ajax-based
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Contents Preface List of Acronyms i
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3.3.4 Single-page UI Model Definiti
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6.3.2 Trigger . . . . . . . . . . .
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Preface our years have passed since
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List of Acronyms ASP Active Server
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Introduction A ccording to recent s
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Figure 1.2 Screen shot of the Mosai
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Figure 1.4 Screen shot of OpenLaszl
Page 19 and 20: DOM APIs, a technique that was call
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1.6 Screen shot of Google Su
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1.7 Screen shot of Google Do
Page 25 and 26: Reengineering Analysis & Testing Ar
Page 27 and 28: client/server and network-based env
Page 29 and 30: To the best of our knowledge, at th
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1 ❳❳ ❳ ❳ ❳❳ Cha
Page 33 and 34: equally and we chose to use an alph
Page 35 and 36: A Component- and Push-based Archite
Page 37 and 38: Page Internet Application aRchitect
Page 39 and 40: XML message containing directives t
Page 41 and 42: server sends the data to the client
Page 43 and 44: • Code reuse: shared implementati
Page 45 and 46: Rest provides Ajax demands Large-gr
Page 47 and 48: work well, will lose customers (Off
Page 49 and 50: communication between client and se
Page 51 and 52: GWT uses an RPC style of calling se
Page 53 and 54: DOM Client Browser event update Aja
Page 55 and 56: Client Server Legend Interaction po
Page 57 and 58: User Interactivity User-perceived L
Page 59 and 60: User Interactivity User-perceived L
Page 61 and 62: and does not comply with the Resour
Page 63 and 64: 2.8.9 Design Models Figure 2.8 show
Page 65 and 66: of user tasks as first class entiti
Page 67 and 68: Migrating Multi-page Web Applicatio
Page 69: Web App 1 Page deltaChange viewChan
Page 73 and 74: Classic Web application Retrieve pa
Page 75 and 76: Algorithm 1 1: procedure start (Pag
Page 77 and 78: 3.5.2 Identifying Elements The list
Page 79 and 80: Classification # of pages Home (Ind
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.7 A candidate UI component
Page 83 and 84: target system. Even though the tech
Page 85 and 86: Third, we proposed a schema-based c
Page 87 and 88: Performance Testing of Data Deliver
Page 89 and 90: Figure 4.1 A screenshot taken from
Page 91 and 92: the user. Ideally, the pulling inte
Page 93 and 94: Streaming Figure 4.3 shows how the
Page 95 and 96: 4.4 Experimental Design In this sec
Page 97 and 98: Mean Publish Trip-time (MPT) We def
Page 99 and 100: tributes to the complexity of contr
Page 101 and 102: 8. Start the publisher and begin pu
Page 103 and 104: Figure 4.8 Sample Stock Ticker Appl
Page 105 and 106: Figure 4.9 Mean Publish Trip-time C
Page 107 and 108: 4.6.3 Received Publish Messages Fig
Page 109 and 110: Figure 4.12 Mean Number of Received
Page 111 and 112: Figure 4.13 Percentage of data item
Page 113 and 114: with pull is higher than push. This
Page 115 and 116: this scenario, a data item will onl
Page 117 and 118: With the pull approach, achieving t
Page 119 and 120: Crawling Ajax by Inferring User Int
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discusses the findings and open iss
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5.3 A Method for Crawling Ajax The
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Robot click UI Browser generate cli
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5.3.5 Creating States After firing
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1 crawl MyAjaxSite { 2 url: http://
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The generator uses JTidy 10 to pret
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G1. For the experiment we have manu
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19247 examined candidate elements,
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ich interactivity and responsivenes
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5.8 Related Work The concept behind
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Invariant-Based Automatic Testing o
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has some support for client-side sc
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6.3.2 Trigger Once we are able to d
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a new edge is created on the graph
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Other Invariants. In line with the
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6.7.1 Oracle Comparators After each
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Algorithm 4 Pre/postCrawling hooks
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LOC Server-side LOC Client-side DOM
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todo items, removing all items inst
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Failure Cause Violated Invariant In
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plications) is that it is very hard
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1. A series of fault models that ca
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Conclusion ith the advent of Ajax t
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out to be an appropriate framework
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plays a more prominent role in the
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correct behavior. Violations in the
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A great deal of our work has focuse
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A Single-page Ajax Example Applicat
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1 if(navigator.appName == "Microsof
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Figure A.5 The run-time DOM instanc
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Figure A.7 The request/response tra
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Samenvatting ⋆ Analyse en Testing
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een dergelijk model te creëren, do
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Bibliography Abrams, M., Phanouriou
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Bouras, C. and Konidaris, A. (2005)
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De Lucia, A., Scanniello, G., and T
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Garofalakis, M., Gionis, A., Rastog
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Levenshtein, V. L. (1996). Binary c
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Netscape (1995). An exploration of
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Sprenkle, S., Pollock, L., Esquivel
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Wohlin, C., Runeson, P., Höst, M.,
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Curriculum Vitae Personal Data Full
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A. Dijkstra. Stepping through Haske
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M. A. Abam. New Data Structures and
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