Analysis and Testing of Ajax-based Single-page Web Applications

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Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotor: Prof. dr. A. van Deursen Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Rector Magnificus voorzitter Prof. dr. A. van Deursen Technische Universiteit Delft, promotor Prof. dr. A. Orso Georgia Institute of Technology Prof. dr. A.L. Wolf Imperial College London Prof. dr. P.M.E. De Bra Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Prof. dr. P. Klint Universiteit van Amsterdam & CWI Prof. dr. ir. G.J.P.M. Houben Technische Universiteit Delft Prof. dr. ir. F.W. Jansen Technische Universiteit Delft The work in this thesis has been carried out at the Delft University of Technology, under the auspices of the research school IPA (Institute for Programming research and Algorithmics). This research was partially supported by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs under the SenterNovem program, project Single Page Computer Interaction (SPCI). IPA Dissertation Series 2009-08 Copyright c○ 2009 by Ali Mesbah ISBN 978-90-79982-02-8 Cover design by Azin Nader and Mohamad Yekta. This work has been typeset by the author using LATEX. Printed by Wöhrmann Print Service, Zutphen.
Contents Preface List of Acronyms ix xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Web Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1 Static Hypertext Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.2 Dynamically Generated Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.3 Web Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1.4 Rich Internet Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1.5 Web 2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2 Ajax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.1 JavaScript and the Document Object Model . . . . . . . 6 1.2.2 Cascading Style Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2.3 The XMLHttpRequest Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2.4 A New Approach to Web Applications . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2.5 Multi-page versus Single-page Web Applications . . . . 10 1.2.6 Reverse Ajax: Comet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3 Challenges and Research Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.3.1 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.3.2 Reengineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.3.3 Analysis and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.4 Research Method and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.5 Thesis Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.6 Origin of Chapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2 A Component- and Push-based Architectural Style for Ajax 23 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2 Ajax Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.2.1 Echo2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.2.2 GWT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.2.3 Backbase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.2.4 Dojo and Cometd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.2.5 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.3 Architectural Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.3.1 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.3.2 Existing Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.3.3 A Style for Ajax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.4 Architectural Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.4.1 User Interactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Page 1: Analysis and Testing of Ajax-based
Page 5 and 6: 3.3.4 Single-page UI Model Definiti
Page 7 and 8: 6.3.2 Trigger . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 9 and 10: Preface our years have passed since
Page 11 and 12: List of Acronyms ASP Active Server
Page 13 and 14: Introduction A ccording to recent s
Page 15 and 16: Figure 1.2 Screen shot of the Mosai
Page 17 and 18: Figure 1.4 Screen shot of OpenLaszl
Page 19 and 20: DOM APIs, a technique that was call
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1.6 Screen shot of Google Su
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1.7 Screen shot of Google Do
Page 25 and 26: Reengineering Analysis & Testing Ar
Page 27 and 28: client/server and network-based env
Page 29 and 30: To the best of our knowledge, at th
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1 ❳❳ ❳ ❳ ❳❳ Cha
Page 33 and 34: equally and we chose to use an alph
Page 35 and 36: A Component- and Push-based Archite
Page 37 and 38: Page Internet Application aRchitect
Page 39 and 40: XML message containing directives t
Page 41 and 42: server sends the data to the client
Page 43 and 44: • Code reuse: shared implementati
Page 45 and 46: Rest provides Ajax demands Large-gr
Page 47 and 48: work well, will lose customers (Off
Page 49 and 50: communication between client and se
Page 51 and 52: GWT uses an RPC style of calling se
Page 53 and 54:
DOM Client Browser event update Aja
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Client Server Legend Interaction po
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User Interactivity User-perceived L
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User Interactivity User-perceived L
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and does not comply with the Resour
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2.8.9 Design Models Figure 2.8 show
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of user tasks as first class entiti
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Migrating Multi-page Web Applicatio
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Web App 1 Page deltaChange viewChan
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gational and structural model of th
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Classic Web application Retrieve pa
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Algorithm 1 1: procedure start (Pag
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3.5.2 Identifying Elements The list
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Classification # of pages Home (Ind
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Figure 3.7 A candidate UI component
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target system. Even though the tech
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Third, we proposed a schema-based c
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Performance Testing of Data Deliver
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Figure 4.1 A screenshot taken from
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the user. Ideally, the pulling inte
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Streaming Figure 4.3 shows how the
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4.4 Experimental Design In this sec
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Mean Publish Trip-time (MPT) We def
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tributes to the complexity of contr
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8. Start the publisher and begin pu
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Figure 4.8 Sample Stock Ticker Appl
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Figure 4.9 Mean Publish Trip-time C
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4.6.3 Received Publish Messages Fig
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Figure 4.12 Mean Number of Received
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Figure 4.13 Percentage of data item
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with pull is higher than push. This
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this scenario, a data item will onl
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With the pull approach, achieving t
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Crawling Ajax by Inferring User Int
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discusses the findings and open iss
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5.3 A Method for Crawling Ajax The
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Robot click UI Browser generate cli
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5.3.5 Creating States After firing
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1 crawl MyAjaxSite { 2 url: http://
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The generator uses JTidy 10 to pret
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G1. For the experiment we have manu
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19247 examined candidate elements,
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ich interactivity and responsivenes
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5.8 Related Work The concept behind
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Invariant-Based Automatic Testing o
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has some support for client-side sc
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6.3.2 Trigger Once we are able to d
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a new edge is created on the graph
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Other Invariants. In line with the
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6.7.1 Oracle Comparators After each
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Algorithm 4 Pre/postCrawling hooks
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LOC Server-side LOC Client-side DOM
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todo items, removing all items inst
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Failure Cause Violated Invariant In
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plications) is that it is very hard
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1. A series of fault models that ca
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Conclusion ith the advent of Ajax t
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out to be an appropriate framework
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plays a more prominent role in the
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correct behavior. Violations in the
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A great deal of our work has focuse
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A Single-page Ajax Example Applicat
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1 if(navigator.appName == "Microsof
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Figure A.5 The run-time DOM instanc
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Figure A.7 The request/response tra
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Samenvatting ⋆ Analyse en Testing
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een dergelijk model te creëren, do
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Bibliography Abrams, M., Phanouriou
Page 189 and 190:
Bouras, C. and Konidaris, A. (2005)
Page 191 and 192:
De Lucia, A., Scanniello, G., and T
Page 193 and 194:
Garofalakis, M., Gionis, A., Rastog
Page 195 and 196:
Levenshtein, V. L. (1996). Binary c
Page 197 and 198:
Netscape (1995). An exploration of
Page 199 and 200:
Sprenkle, S., Pollock, L., Esquivel
Page 201 and 202:
Wohlin, C., Runeson, P., Höst, M.,
Page 203 and 204:
Curriculum Vitae Personal Data Full
Page 205 and 206:
A. Dijkstra. Stepping through Haske
Page 207 and 208:
M. A. Abam. New Data Structures and
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