Analysis and Testing of Ajax-based Single-page Web Applications

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• user collaboration and information sharing (e.g., the social networking web application Facebook), • rich but simple to use web user interfaces (e.g., Google Maps), • and software as a service through the web (e.g., the online office application Google Docs). Many Web 2.0 applications rely heavily on a prominent enabling technology called Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (Ajax) (Garrett, 2005), which is the key topic of this thesis. 1.2 Ajax 1.2.1 JavaScript and the Document Object Model In 1995, Netscape 2 introduced a simple API called the Document Object Model (DOM), and a new client-side scripting language into the browser called JavaScript. JavaScript is a weakly typed, prototype-based language with first-class functions. JavaScript 1.1 was submitted to Ecma International resulting in the standardized version named ECMAScript. Microsoft followed Netscape by introducing its dialect of the language JScript into Internet Explorer in 1996. The Document Object Model (DOM) (W3C, a) is a platform- and languageneutral standard object model for representing HTML and XML documents. It provides an API for dynamically accessing, traversing, and updating the content, structure, and style of such documents. In the Web browser, a DOM instance can be seen as the run-time representation of an HTML page; The DOM object is a tree-based model of the relationships between various HTML elements (e.g., images, paragraphs, forms, tables) present in the document. The first instance of the object is created after an HTML page is loaded into the browser and parsed. This object can be further traversed and modified through JavaScript and the results of modifications are incorporated back into the presented page. There is generally a one-to-one relation between DOM elements and user interface elements (See Appendix A for an example of how the DOM is manipulated in JavaScript). Netscape 2 and 3 supported a simple DOM that offered access to a limited set of document elements such as images, links, and form elements. This DOM API was adopted by most browser vendors and incorporated into the HTML specification as DOM Level 0 by the W3C. later on, Internet Explorer 4 improved the DOM by allowing access to and modification of all document elements. By 1998, the first specification of DOM (Level 1) was released, defining the core DOM interfaces, such as Document, Node, Element, and Attr. DOM Level 2 followed in 2000, as an extension on the previous level, to define API’s for working with DOM events and stylesheets. JavaScript was initially used, primarily, for performing simple computations on the browser and modifying the browser User Interface (UI) through 6 1.2. Ajax
DOM APIs, a technique that was called Dynamic HTML (DHTML), to add some degree of dynamism to the static browser interface. Significant browser compatibility issues regarding DOM implementations, however, discouraged web developers to make much use of DHTML beyond styling menus and simple form manipulations. The latest version of the W3C DOM specification is Level 3, released in 2004. Currently, web browsers support many features of the W3C DOM standard (mostly Level 2). 1.2.2 Cascading Style Sheets Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a standard for specifying the presentation of HTML (or XML) documents. While HTML is used to define the structure of a document, CSS is used to specify how the structured elements should be displayed. The first version of CSS (Level 1) was adopted in 1996 by the WC3, to define attributes for specifying styling properties such as colors, margins, and fonts. The second version, CSS Level 2, was released in 1998, to define a number of advanced features, such as relative, absolute, and fixed positioning of elements. CSS Level 2 is supported by most modern browsers. A new recommendation by W3C, CSS Level 3, is currently under development. 1.2.3 The XMLHttpRequest Object In 1998, Microsoft introduced Remote Scripting, a technology that allowed scripts running inside a browser, e.g., through a Java Applet, to exchange information with a server. Shortly after, in 1999, the XMLHttpRequest object was created as an ActiveX control in Internet Explorer 5. Other browsers (e.g., Mozilla, Safari) followed with their own implementation of this object soon. The XMLHttpRequest object can be accessed in JavaScript to transfer text in various formats, such as XML, HTML, plain text, JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), and JavaScript, between the server and the browser (a)synchronously at the background without the need of a page refresh. 1.2.4 A New Approach to Web Applications The term Ajax was coined, in February 2005, in an article called ‘Ajax: A New Approach to Web Applications’ by Garrett (2005), and defined as: • standards-based presentation using XHTML and CSS; • dynamic display and interaction using DOM; • data interchange and manipulation using XML and XSLT; • asynchronous data retrieval using XMLHttpRequest; • and JavaScript binding everything together. Chapter 1. Introduction 7
Page 1 and 2: Analysis and Testing of Ajax-based
Page 3 and 4: Contents Preface List of Acronyms i
Page 5 and 6: 3.3.4 Single-page UI Model Definiti
Page 7 and 8: 6.3.2 Trigger . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 9 and 10: Preface our years have passed since
Page 11 and 12: List of Acronyms ASP Active Server
Page 13 and 14: Introduction A ccording to recent s
Page 15 and 16: Figure 1.2 Screen shot of the Mosai
Page 17: Figure 1.4 Screen shot of OpenLaszl
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1.6 Screen shot of Google Su
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1.7 Screen shot of Google Do
Page 25 and 26: Reengineering Analysis & Testing Ar
Page 27 and 28: client/server and network-based env
Page 29 and 30: To the best of our knowledge, at th
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1 ❳❳ ❳ ❳ ❳❳ Cha
Page 33 and 34: equally and we chose to use an alph
Page 35 and 36: A Component- and Push-based Archite
Page 37 and 38: Page Internet Application aRchitect
Page 39 and 40: XML message containing directives t
Page 41 and 42: server sends the data to the client
Page 43 and 44: • Code reuse: shared implementati
Page 45 and 46: Rest provides Ajax demands Large-gr
Page 47 and 48: work well, will lose customers (Off
Page 49 and 50: communication between client and se
Page 51 and 52: GWT uses an RPC style of calling se
Page 53 and 54: DOM Client Browser event update Aja
Page 55 and 56: Client Server Legend Interaction po
Page 57 and 58: User Interactivity User-perceived L
Page 59 and 60: User Interactivity User-perceived L
Page 61 and 62: and does not comply with the Resour
Page 63 and 64: 2.8.9 Design Models Figure 2.8 show
Page 65 and 66: of user tasks as first class entiti
Page 67 and 68: Migrating Multi-page Web Applicatio
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Web App 1 Page deltaChange viewChan
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gational and structural model of th
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Classic Web application Retrieve pa
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Algorithm 1 1: procedure start (Pag
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3.5.2 Identifying Elements The list
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Classification # of pages Home (Ind
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Figure 3.7 A candidate UI component
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target system. Even though the tech
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Third, we proposed a schema-based c
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Performance Testing of Data Deliver
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Figure 4.1 A screenshot taken from
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the user. Ideally, the pulling inte
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Streaming Figure 4.3 shows how the
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4.4 Experimental Design In this sec
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Mean Publish Trip-time (MPT) We def
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tributes to the complexity of contr
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8. Start the publisher and begin pu
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Figure 4.8 Sample Stock Ticker Appl
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Figure 4.9 Mean Publish Trip-time C
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4.6.3 Received Publish Messages Fig
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Figure 4.12 Mean Number of Received
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Figure 4.13 Percentage of data item
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with pull is higher than push. This
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this scenario, a data item will onl
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With the pull approach, achieving t
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Crawling Ajax by Inferring User Int
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discusses the findings and open iss
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5.3 A Method for Crawling Ajax The
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Robot click UI Browser generate cli
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5.3.5 Creating States After firing
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1 crawl MyAjaxSite { 2 url: http://
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The generator uses JTidy 10 to pret
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G1. For the experiment we have manu
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19247 examined candidate elements,
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ich interactivity and responsivenes
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5.8 Related Work The concept behind
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Invariant-Based Automatic Testing o
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has some support for client-side sc
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6.3.2 Trigger Once we are able to d
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a new edge is created on the graph
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Other Invariants. In line with the
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6.7.1 Oracle Comparators After each
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Algorithm 4 Pre/postCrawling hooks
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LOC Server-side LOC Client-side DOM
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todo items, removing all items inst
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Failure Cause Violated Invariant In
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plications) is that it is very hard
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1. A series of fault models that ca
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Conclusion ith the advent of Ajax t
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out to be an appropriate framework
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plays a more prominent role in the
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correct behavior. Violations in the
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A great deal of our work has focuse
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A Single-page Ajax Example Applicat
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1 if(navigator.appName == "Microsof
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Figure A.5 The run-time DOM instanc
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Figure A.7 The request/response tra
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Samenvatting ⋆ Analyse en Testing
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een dergelijk model te creëren, do
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Bibliography Abrams, M., Phanouriou
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Bouras, C. and Konidaris, A. (2005)
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De Lucia, A., Scanniello, G., and T
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Garofalakis, M., Gionis, A., Rastog
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Levenshtein, V. L. (1996). Binary c
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Netscape (1995). An exploration of
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Sprenkle, S., Pollock, L., Esquivel
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Wohlin, C., Runeson, P., Höst, M.,
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Curriculum Vitae Personal Data Full
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A. Dijkstra. Stepping through Haske
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M. A. Abam. New Data Structures and
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