RACIST VIOLENCE IN 15 EU MEMBER STATES - Cospe

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RACIST VIOLENCE IN 15 EU MEMBER STATES - A Comparative Overview of Findings from the RAXEN NFP Reports 2001-2004 Official Data Collection Mechanisms On the basis of information made available to the RAXEN NFPs, there are three Member States – Greece, Italy and Portugal - that have no public official criminal justice data on racist crime/violence, or data on discrimination that includes racist crime and violence. Spain only released limited figures on racist/xenophobic acts for 2001 at the bequest of the Spanish NFP. Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands concentrate their data collection on reports of ‘discriminatory offences’. While Luxembourg’s data collection is limited, Belgium and the Netherlands have good mechanisms in place to record a broad range of discriminations. Belgium is also able to identify the number of discriminatory complaints that are related to racist violence, while the Netherlands is able to reveal whether reports are related to ‘oral utterances’ and related to the activities of extremist groups. Austria and Germany focus their data collection procedures on the activities of extremist groups and associated acts that go against the constitution. The Austrian data does not reveal any detail about violent racist offences, but the German data does. To a lesser extent, Denmark focuses its data collection on complaints relating to hate/racist speech and the activities of extremist groups; although data is also available on the nature of violent incidents with a racist motive. Sweden also looks at the activities of extremist groups, but incorporates this within a broader framework of data collection on racist violence that is able to identify the extent of extremist group involvement in racist crime/violence Finland, France, Ireland and the UK have comprehensive data collection mechanisms in place that can reveal a lot about the extent and/or nature of racist violence. Although Finland’s data is limited to 2002, it provides a comprehensive overview and estimate of racially motivated crime and racially motivated violent crime. On the basis of the above, official criminal justice data collection mechanisms on racist crime/violence (and associated activities) can be described as follows: viii
RACIST VIOLENCE IN 15 EU MEMBER STATES - A Comparative Overview of Findings from the RAXEN NFP Reports 2001-2004 Official criminal justice data collection mechanisms on racist crime/violence Inadequate or nonexistent data collection for years 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004 Partial data collection or data focused on general discrimination Good or Excellent data collection mechanisms Good data collection focusing on the activities of extreme right-wing groups/hate speech Greece Belgium Denmark Austria Italy Netherlands Finland Germany Luxembourg Portugal Spain France Ireland UK Sweden Official Data and Under-Recording of Racist Violence Given that many NFPs indicate that there is a problem with racist crime and violence in their country, official data would seem to under-record incidents of racist crime and violence, either because an official system recording racist violence does not exist (Greece, Portugal and Italy) or because it is not effective enough. Therefore, very low or non-existent raw official data on racist crime and violence might reflect ineffective data collection mechanisms rather than actual low levels of racist crime and violence. Looking at Trends in Official Data Given that Member States have different official systems in place for collecting data on racist crimes and violence, it is misleading to try and compare raw absolute data between countries. Instead, a more meaningful reading of available data can be achieved by comparing data between years for the same Member State. In this way we can observe whether reports/records of racist crime and violence, using the same data collection mechanisms, are increasing or decreasing on the basis of percentage changes in collected data between years. Taking seven Member States for which data on reports/records of racist crime is available for the years 2001, 2002 and 2003 – Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands*, Austria, Sweden and the UK - an analysis of trends can be undertaken for each Member State. * Both Belgium and the Netherlands provide data on general discrimination. However, according to evidence submitted by the NFPs, the Dutch data appears to be more focused on 'racist violence', while the Belgium data is more generic. Therefore it was decided to exclude the Belgium data from the trends mapping exercise. ix
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