RACIST VIOLENCE IN 15 EU MEMBER STATES - Cospe

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RACIST VIOLENCE IN 15 EU MEMBER STATES - A Comparative Overview of Findings from the RAXEN NFP Reports 2001-2004 16.4. Political, criminal justice and policy developments 135 17. Sweden 137 17.1. Context 137 17.2. Major data collection mechanisms on racist violence 138 17.2.1. Official data 138 17.2.2. Unofficial data 139 17.3. Nature and extent of racist violence 139 17.4. Political, criminal justice and policy developments 141 18. United Kingdom 143 18.1. Context 143 18.2. Major data collection mechanisms on racist violence 144 18.2.1. Official data 144 18.2.2. Semi-Official data 145 18.2.3. Unofficial data 145 18.3. Nature and extent of racist violence 145 18.3.1. Official 145 18.3.2. Unofficial 147 18.4. Political, criminal justice and policy developments 148 Part III 150 Overview and Understanding of the Research Findings 150 19. Overview of Research Findings 151 19.1. The Extent of Racist Crime and Violence 151 19.1.1. What do the RAXEN NFP reports tell us? 151 19.1.2. Interpreting officially available data on racist crime/violence 153 19.1.3. Do Member States under-record racist incidents? 157 19.1.4. Notable Trends within Member States 159 19.1.5. What does/doesn’t the data tell us? 162 19.2. Data Collection Mechanisms in the EU 15 163 19.2.1. Official Data in the EU 15 163 19.2.2. Unofficial Data in the EU 15 165 19.2.3. Comparing Official and Unofficial Data 166 19.3. The Nature of Racist Violence 167 19.3.1. Who are the victims of racist crime and violence? 168 xxiv
RACIST VIOLENCE IN 15 EU MEMBER STATES - A Comparative Overview of Findings from the RAXEN NFP Reports 2001-2004 19.3.2. How to interpret data sources on the nature of racist crime and violence170 19.3.3. Who commits racist crime and violence, and ‘why’? 171 Official data on racist crime/discrimination 173 20. Understanding the Research Findings 180 20.1. Manifestations of Racist Violence 180 20.1.1. The Impact of Global Conflicts 180 20.1.2. Insecurity and Hostility towards ‘Outsiders’ 181 20.1.3. Who are the Perpetrators? 182 20.2. What Research Tells Us 183 20.2.1. Meta Explanations 183 20.2.2. Meso Explanations 186 20.2.3. Micro Explanations 188 20.3. In Conclusion 189 21. Responses to Racist Violence by Member States 190 21.1. Stumbling Blocks to Effective Criminal Justice Responses 190 21.1.1. Non-reporting and non-recording 190 21.1.2. Political and policy influences on recording racist violence 192 21.2. (Good) Practice Responses to Racist Crime and Violence 193 21.2.1. A ‘Good Practice’ Checklist 194 21.2.2. Examples of (Good) Practice Initiatives Challenging Racist Crime/Violence 196 21.3. Are New and Established Criminal Justice Initiatives Helping Victims of Racist Violence? 200 21.3.1. Restorative Justice 200 21.3.2. ‘Traditional’ Justice 201 Recommendations 203 Legislation and Data Collection – Improving Mechanisms 204 Towards Effective Criminal Justice and Non-Criminal Justice Intervention 205 ANNEX I 208 ANNEX I 209 ANNEX II: 210 xxv
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