RACIST VIOLENCE IN 15 EU MEMBER STATES - Cospe

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RACIST VIOLENCE IN 15 EU MEMBER STATES - A Comparative Overview of Findings from the RAXEN NFP Reports 2001-2004 • Ministry of Public Order: Provides police-based datasets on general criminal activity, including nationality. No information is supplied on the racial motivation of offences. No recorded arrests or prosecutions on the basis of antiracist criminal law 927/1979. • Ministry of Justice: Has no data on racist violence. • Ministry of Merchant Marine: Collects data on the number of foreigners arrested for illegal entry into the country. Also has case data, but no statistics, on incidents of racial violence perpetrated by Coast Guards – however, this information was not made available to the RAXEN NFP as it constitutes part of on-going official investigations. • The Office of the Ombudsman: An independent public authority, whose mandate is to look into disputes between individuals and public authorities; therefore, the Office of the Ombudsman does not collect data but keeps information on individual cases, which it can make available as reports. • The National Commission for Human Rights: Provides recommendations to the government, alongside Annual Reports. 7.2.2. Semi-Official data • The Greek Office of the UNHCR: Retains records of human rights violations concerning asylum seekers and refugees, including incidents or acts of racist violence committed by public agents/authorities. 7.2.3. Unofficial data • National and International NGOs: A number of NGOs collect data about discrimination and racist violence either in the form of complaints or from media reports. 7.3. NATURE AND EXTENT OF RACIST VIOLENCE It might be assumed, given the above, that Greece has a reasonable network of data collection mechanisms to record instances of racist violence or, given the limitations on data collection based on ethnicity and religion, violence according to nationality. But, as the NFP reports make clear, where data collection exists it is both erratic and incomplete. The absence of a comprehensive and informed data collection tradition in Greece means that most official and unofficial accounts of racist violence are descriptive case studies. 86
RACIST VIOLENCE IN 15 EU MEMBER STATES - A Comparative Overview of Findings from the RAXEN NFP Reports 2001-2004 Based on media reports, RAXEN 4 was able to report the following for the period October 2002 – October 2003: • 11 racist attacks against the person. This is more than in previous periods. However, of these 11, five did not involve Greeks as perpetrators. • 7 incidents of racial violence by the police or borderguards/coastguards. The Roma are documented as being a particular target of police brutality. RAXEN 3 and 4 also refer to the particular problem of trafficking in women for the Greek sex industry. The Greek NFP categorises ‘sex trafficking’ as racist violence because it particularly impacts on women from poor countries rather than Greek citizens or women from wealthier EU Member States – yet it is debatable whether these crimes should be interpreted as ‘racist violence’ when they are more accurately described as cases of violence against women 75 . 7.4. POLITICAL, CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND POLICY DEVELOPMENTS The lack of data on racist violence in Greece is lamentable given the ministerial and other mechanisms that could be utilised for data collection. This lack of data also reflects the absence of a strong research culture on racist violence. In comparison with the paucity of official and unofficial sources on racist violence, Greece has a number of projects that set out to tackle aspects of social marginalisation, discrimination and racism as they relate to minorities and migrants. The EU either wholly or partially funds a large number of these projects, which variously focus on the areas of social infrastructure, services, and employment. Some projects, such as the ‘Integrated Action Plan for the Roma’, focus on specific minority/migrant groups. A large proportion of these initiatives, as reported in RAXEN 4, appear to be about job creation and sustainable employment. Amongst the above, one initiative by the Ministry of Public Order can be noted as it directly addresses some of the critiques that have been levelled at the police and other public agencies with regard to their violent treatment of minorities and migrants: RAXEN 4 reports that the Ministry of Public Order has organised training sessions for the police and civilian staff about the rights of refugees and asylum seekers. The EU’s STOP and ULYSSES Programmes have funded these events in cooperation with agencies such as the Greek Council of Refugees and the Greek office of the International Organisation for Migration (IOM). In July 2004, the Greek Ombudsman issued a special report describing its five year investigation into police offences against citizens’ constitutional rights, including 75 See: United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons - http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/trafficking_protocol.html 87
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