RACIST VIOLENCE IN 15 EU MEMBER STATES - Cospe

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RACIST VIOLENCE IN 15 EU MEMBER STATES - A Comparative Overview of Findings from the RAXEN NFP Reports 2001-2004 2. Comparisons of survey findings between different countries that can elaborate on differences between nationalities; but often these surveys are not truly comparable as they employ different survey instruments. In sum, as indicated by the NFP country reports, crime surveys are only typical to those Member States with a tradition of research and policy responses centred on crime victims. In turn, crime surveys that target ethnic minorities are only typical to those Member States with a tradition of proactively addressing racism and xenophobia at a policy level. 3.3. MARRYING RESEARCH AND LAW Given the current political onus on combating crime, racism and xenophobia, it remains the case that too little research is undertaken across EU Member States about minorities’ experiences of racist victimisation. Some Member States, such as the UK and the Netherlands, have developed good research in this area, while others, such as Italy and Greece, lack an established research base. In turn, what we know from crime surveys is that minorities’ experience victimisation, and specifically racist victimisation and violence, as part of a process. At present, official crime data collection is not able to capture the reality of racist victimisation as it is experienced. Both quantitative and qualitative data sources should be able to engage with racist violence as: • part of a continuum • repeat victimisation 3.3.1. Racist violence as part of a continuum Racist violence is not experienced in isolation to other racist incidents. Like women’s experiences of harassment and sexual assault, racist victimisation is best understood as part of a ‘lived reality’ that encompasses anything from name-calling through to violent assault. Most victims of racist violence experience it in the context of broader racist discrimination – from housing to employment. Racist victimisation and violence need to be contextualised against these other discriminatory experiences that, together, amount to a personal history of racist discrimination and victimisation. In turn, the individual’s impressions of racist discrimination/racist violence are influenced by the experiences of others. In sum: Lifelong and varied experiences of racist violence/victimisation/discrimination can be described and understood as part of a ‘continuum’ of racisms. 62
RACIST VIOLENCE IN 15 EU MEMBER STATES - A Comparative Overview of Findings from the RAXEN NFP Reports 2001-2004 Recognition of racist violence as part of a continuum helps us to understand how ‘victims’ experience racist incidents, and why they react as they do to criminal justice intervention/non-intervention. 3.3.2. Racist violence as repeat victimisation Crime surveys have been able to reveal the extent to which a small proportion of all crime victims are disproportionately victimised. In other words, if we look at people’s experiences of victimisation over the last twelve months, or a longer period, we are able to see that certain individuals are repeatedly victimised. 69 Repeat victimisation can target anyone, and can encompass a range of crimes from personal to property crime. For example, the same property, from a home to business premises, can be repeatedly victimised for a variety of reasons to do with both the offender’s opportunities and motives to offend, and the attractiveness of the property as a target. Certain properties and certain individuals or groups of people are more likely than others to be repeatedly victimised by certain types of crime/s and/or certain types of offender/s. Focusing on personal experiences of victimisation, crime surveys have revealed that the following groups, amongst others, are particularly vulnerable to repeat violent victimisation: child victims of sexual assault; female victims of domestic violence; young men; minority ethnic groups. In contrast to the reality that much of racist violence is on-going repeat victimisation, the criminal law is only able to approach racist violence as single incidents. The criminal justice system is set up to respond to individual acts that break the law. Because of this, victims’ on-going experiences of victimisation cannot be accommodated within the framework of criminal law. This means that racist violence is neglected as repeat victimisation. In response, crime surveys are able to capture racist violence as a series of events, over a period of twelve months or more, as they impact on victims. 69 Farrell, G. (1992) Multiple Victimisation: Its Extent and Significance, International Review of Victimology, 2, 85-102; Pease, K. (1998) Repeat Victimisation: Taking Stock, Police Research Group Crime Detection and Prevention Series, Paper 90, London: Home Office. 63
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RACIST VIOLENCE IN 15 EU MEMBER STATES - Cospe

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