RACIST VIOLENCE IN 15 EU MEMBER STATES - Cospe

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RACIST VIOLENCE IN 15 EU MEMBER STATES - A Comparative Overview of Findings from the RAXEN NFP Reports 2001-2004 In an effort to bolster the country’s anti-discrimination efforts, a number of bodies, principally in the form of an ‘Ombudsman’, have been established to monitor the treatment experienced by different minority groups – including immigrants and members of national minorities who are citizens. 16.2. MAJOR DATA COLLECTION MECHANISMS ON RACIST VIOLENCE See 2.2 for outline of national legislation. Both the RAXEN 3 and RAXEN 4 reports on Finland characterise the country as having ‘very little information on racist violence’. Yet, when compared with other EU Member States, and particularly those with larger populations of immigrants/minorities, Finland has a relatively good system in place for monitoring racist crime and violence. 16.2.1. Official data • The Police: Introduced a system in 1997 for recording a racist motive in criminal reports. In the period 2000-2003, the Ministry of the Interior published four reports dealing with crimes reported to the police, which include information on racist violence. Crimes are categorised on the basis of five possible criteria, which determine the extent of ‘racist motive’. Data can also be sub-divided to give information concerning the characteristics (including nationality) of offenders and victims. • However, according to RAXEN 4, police officers are inadequately trained to include the racist motive of a crime in criminal reports, and there is no systematic monitoring of case progress through the criminal justice system. • District Courts: Data collected on cases charged/dismissed on grounds of: discrimination; employment discrimination; incitement against ethnic group. The following can also provide information on individual cases that may relate to racist violence and discriminatory treatment. • The Ombudsman for Minorities: A new office, since legislative reform from September 2001, which replaces that former Ombudsman for Foreigners. Remit to monitor and report on minorities’ status and rights, amongst other things, which can include incidents related to racially motivated harassment. • The Parliamentary Ombudsman and the Chancellor of Justice: They address reported cases of discriminatory treatment, include racist programme organised by the University of Tampere and financed by the Ministry of Education. 132
RACIST VIOLENCE IN 15 EU MEMBER STATES - A Comparative Overview of Findings from the RAXEN NFP Reports 2001-2004 discrimination; particularly in relation to action/inaction by officials in the course of their duty. 16.2.2. Unofficial data • Victim Survey on ‘Racism and Discrimination in Finland’: Published in 2002, and funded by the Academy of Finland. The survey interviewed the following minority ethnic groups about their experiences of victimisation: Albanians from Kosovo, Vietnamese, Somalis, Arabs, Russians, Estonians and Ingrian-Finns. 16.3. NATURE AND EXTENT OF RACIST VIOLENCE 16.3.1. Official data Police Data: • Trends – Of reported crimes against foreigners or ethnic minorities, the police determined that the following percentages were racially motivated: 2000 (19%); 2001 (13%); 2002 (11%). This would appear to show a decreasing trend, but as no detailed figures are available it is difficult to draw any firm conclusions. • In 2001 - Of reported crimes against foreigners or ethnic minorities, the police determined that 448 had a racist motive (no further data was available through RAXEN). • In 2002 – there were 3,367 reports of crime against foreigners or ethnic minorities. Some of these cases involved a number of victims. The typical crimes reported included: damage to property, assault, illegal threat, and disturbing the privacy of the home. • The police classify crimes against foreigners and ethnic minorities into five categories that assign, on a declining scale, a racist motive. Three of the five categories attribute a ‘racist motive’: yes; most likely; possibly. Racist motive is determined by the victim’s statement, evidence presented by a third party, or something noted by the police • Of the 3,367 reported cases, the police determined that 367, or nearly eleven per cent, had a racist motive. • Of these 367 racially motivated crimes, according to an analysis of police data: 38% relate to physical violence and attempts; 24% relate to mental violence, including defamation and menace; 18% relate to damage and other disturbance. 133
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