RACIST VIOLENCE IN 15 EU MEMBER STATES - Cospe

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RACIST VIOLENCE IN 15 EU MEMBER STATES - A Comparative Overview of Findings from the RAXEN NFP Reports 2001-2004 • With respect to the above - ‘acts of violence’ include: homicide, attempted homicide, bodily harm, arson, and ‘other’ acts of violence. Damage to property is included under ‘other offences’. • 2004 (January-October): 6,474 ‘politically motivated criminality – right-wing’ crimes were recorded, of which 397 were classified as ‘violent’. • Of these 6,474 crimes – 1208 were classified as motivated by xenophobia, of these 203 were classified as ‘violent’ (no breakdown for antisemitic crimes was given by the RAXEN NFP). • According to official data on victims of xenophobic violence, around half of victims are foreign nationals, of which almost 50 per cent are asylum seekers. However, a large number of victims of xenophobic violence have German citizenship. According to the RAXEN reports this group includes Aussiedler (ethnic German migrants) and naturalised migrants. A proportion of these incidents are also committed against Germans ‘without a migration background, especially non-right wing people’. According to data supplied by the Federal Office for Internal Security and the Ministry of the Interior: • For the period 1993-2002, RAXEN 4 indicates that there is no parallel development between levels of violent crime and ‘racist violence’. In other words, an increase or decrease in violent crime is not necessarily reflected in an increase or decrease in ‘racist violence’. Judicial Statistics on Court Cases: • The majority of legal proceedings in the area of right-wing offences are related to propaganda crimes. This reflects increased use of the internet as a tool for racist propaganda. Violent right-wing offences tend to attract the most media attention. RAXEN 4 reports that, based on official and non-official sources: • Right-wing offences occur more frequently in the eastern Federal states than the western Federal states. • In the western Federal states, right-wing offences occur more in the north than the south. • Right-wing offences are higher in number where there is a lower percentage of foreigners (2% in eastern states and 10.5% in western states). • Offenders: • The majority of offenders are male and between 15-24 years old. • Offenders are undereducated when compared with their peers. • There is some indication that unemployed people are over-represented among offenders. 82
RACIST VIOLENCE IN 15 EU MEMBER STATES - A Comparative Overview of Findings from the RAXEN NFP Reports 2001-2004 • The majority of suspects/offenders are not first-time offenders, but have already been registered for right-wing extremist and non-right-wing extremist crimes. • Offenders in western states are more likely to belong to skinhead groups than offenders in eastern states. • Offences are generally committed spontaneously, as part of a group, and often under the influence of alcohol. • Victims: • More than half of the victims of xenophobic violence are foreign nationals, of which nearly 50% are asylum seekers. • Risk of victimisation is higher for people who look physically different from the majority of German society; that is, Africans, Turks, Vietnamese, Roma/Sinti. • Ethnic German immigrants – Spätaussiedler – are also particularly vulnerable to attacks. • According to a survey of around 1,000 migrants by the Federal Ministry for Employment and Social Order, in 2001 an average of 14.9% of respondents said they has been ‘pestered’, 5.5% had been threatened, 2.0% had been assaulted, and 1.4% had been injured as a result of xenophobic acts. 6.4. POLITICAL, CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND POLICY DEVELOPMENTS The German State has traditionally focused on repressive measures to combat extreme right-wing activities. Since the 1990s the onus has moved towards preventative measures, with a number of programmes sponsored by government and NGOs/civil society, and often with a focus on preventing extreme right-wing activities by young people. Notable preventative initiatives include: • 2000 – The ‘Alliance for Democracy and Tolerance – Against Extremism and Violence’ was founded. This is a broad alliance of programmes (XENOS, CIVITAS, ENTIMON) that encompasses many different initiatives and works with a range of actors from civil society. Within the Alliance’s ENTIMON programme there is the initiative ‘Together against Violence and Right-Wing Extremism’, which supported 238 projects in 2003 and 153 in 2004. • Programmes to assist young people to leave extreme right-wing organisations: For example: Since April 2001, the ‘Federal Programme to Encourage Right- Wing Extremists to Leave this Movement’, initiated by the Ministry of the Interior and run by the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. • EXIT programmes: Borrowing on a Swedish model, these programmes, run by non-governmental organisations, aim to encourage right-wing extremists to leave their organisations. 83
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RACIST VIOLENCE IN 15 EU MEMBER STATES - Cospe

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