RACIST VIOLENCE IN 15 EU MEMBER STATES - Cospe

RACIST VIOLENCE IN 15 EU MEMBER STATES - A Comparative Overview of Findings from the RAXEN NFP Reports 2001-2004
2.3. International Instruments 48
2.3.1. The United Nations 48
2.3.2. Council of Europe 49
2.3.3. European Union 50
2.4. Legislation and 'Indicators' 51
2.4.1. What are 'Indicators' 52
2.4.2. What data is collected? 52
2.4.3. Meeting the demands of Article 13 54
2.4.4. Towards effective monitoring 55
3. Measuring the Extent and Nature of Racist Violence 57
3.1. Background to data collection 57
3.2. Data Collection 58
3.2.1. Official Criminal Justice Data 58
3.2.2. Alternative Data 60
3.3. Marrying research and law 62
3.3.1. Racist violence as part of a continuum 62
3.3.2. Racist violence as repeat victimisation 63
3.4. The challenges of comparative research 64
3.4.1. Criminal Justice Data 64
3.4.2. Non-Criminal Justice Data 65
PART II 67
Research Findings for each of the 15 Member States 67
4. Belgium 68
4.1. Context 68
4.2. Major data collection mechanisms on racist violence 69
4.2.1. Official data 69
4.2.2. Semi-official data 69
4.2.3. Unofficial data 69
4.3. Nature and extent of racist violence 70
4.3.1. Official 70
4.3.2. Semi-official 70
4.3.3. Unofficial 71
4.4. Political, criminal justice and policy developments 71
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