Section 6: Selected Applications & Techniques

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The test sample may be of any geometry that permits clean pulse/echo measurement of sound transit time through a section on thickness. Ideally this would be a sample at least 0.5 in. (12.5 mm) thick, with smooth parallel surfaces and a width or diameter greater than the diameter of the transducer being used. Caution must be used when testing narrow specimens due to possible edge effects that can affect measured pulse transit time. Resolution will be limited when very thin samples are used due to the small changes in pulse transit time across short sound paths. For that reason we recommend that samples should be at least 0.2 in. (5 mm) thick, preferably thicker. In all cases the thickness of the test sample must be precisely known. Keywords: 1. Caution must be used when testing narrow specimens due to possible edge effects that can affect measured pulse transit time. 2. Resolution will be limited when very thin samples are used due to the small changes in pulse transit time across short sound paths.
Testing Procedure: Equipment Used. Measure the (1) longitudinal and (2) shear wave sound velocity of the test piece using the appropriate transducers and instrument setup. The shear wave measurement will require use of a specialized high viscosity couplant such as our SWC. A Model 38DL PLUS a 45MG thickness gage can provide a direct readout of material velocity based on an entered sample thickness, and an EPOCH series flaw detector can measure velocity through a velocity calibration procedure. In either case, follow the recommended procedure for velocity measurement as described in the instrument's operating manual. If using a pulser/receiver, simply record the round-trip transit time through an area of known thickness with both longitudinal and shear wave transducers, and compute: Question: For measurement of shear wave velocity is normal incident transverse wave used? (hint by the used of highly viscous couplant requirement)
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Section 6: Selected Applications &
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6.11: Casting 6.12: Inspection of b
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6.1.1 Casting Defects & Discontinui
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities
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Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
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6.1.3 Welding Defects & Discontinui
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
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Service Induced Defects & Discontin
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Figure 4-24 - In a carbon steel sam
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Figure 4-36 - Weld detail used to j
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Figure 4-38 - Failure of DMW joinin
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Figure 4-58 - Cross-sectional view
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Figure 5-2 - Hot Lean Amine Corrosi
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Figure 5-46 - Overhead interstage k
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Figure 5-48 - Metallographic sample
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6.2: Rail Inspection
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The need for a better inspection me
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Transverse Fissure
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One of the methods used to inspect
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Techniques: Examples of axles with
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6.3: Weldments (Welded Joints)
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UT of Weldments (Welded Joints) F s
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Flaw Detection- Depth Determination
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T = Plate Thickness ϴ = Shear wave
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Flaw Detection- Triangulations of r
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To determine the proper scanning ar
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Expert at works
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Typically scanning patterns
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Weld Scanning
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Weld Scanning
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Echo Dynamic- Position of Defects
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Practice Makes Perfect 52. One of t
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6.4: Pipe & Tube
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Pipe & Tube
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Pipe Scanning
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Pipe Scanning 48.59 o max 30 o max
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Pipe Scanning
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Pipe Scanning- thickness/OD ratio W
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Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
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Q: Calculate the maximum shear wave
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Q35: During immersion testing of pi
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6.5: Echo Dynamic
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6.5.1 Basic echodynamic pattern of
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C.1 Pattern 1 Point-like reflector
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C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
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C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
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C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
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C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
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C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
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Echodynamic- Change of echo height
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Break Time
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Impr
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Refl
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
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Page 189 and 190: Q46. Which best describes a typical
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Page 193 and 194: Hanger Pin Testing using Shear Wave
Page 195 and 196: Physical Dimension
Page 197 and 198: Physical Dimension
Page 199 and 200: Reporting: Scanning Report - Top of
Page 201 and 202: Mock-Up
Page 207 and 208: Hanger Pin Testing using Shear Wave
Page 209 and 210: Pitch and Catch Methods- Set-up
Page 211 and 212: 6.7: Material Properties- Elastic M
Page 213 and 214: 6.7.2 The attenuation method The at
Page 215 and 216: 6.7.3 Velocity Measurements Velocit
Page 217 and 218: Elastic Modulus Measurement - Young
Page 219 and 220: These basic material properties, wh
Page 221: Equipment: The velocity measurement
Page 225 and 226: Velocity & Equations Poisson Ratio
Page 227 and 228: 6.8: High Temperature Ultrasonic Te
Page 229 and 230: 1.0 Background: Although most ultra
Page 231 and 232: Temperature Limitation: Conventiona
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Page 239 and 240: 2.0 Methods used for H.Temperature
Page 241 and 242: For precision thickness gauging app
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Page 247 and 248: Keyword: Note that normal incidence
Page 249 and 250: As a general rule, if the outer cas
Page 251 and 252: 2.4 Equipment Functions Freeze Func
Page 253 and 254: Keyword: ■ ■ Velocity change of
Page 255 and 256: 3.3 Increased Attenuation: Sound at
Page 257 and 258: 3.4 Angular Variation in Wedges: Wi
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In-Service Inspection- Testing for
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In-Service Inspection- (a) Crack te
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In-Service Inspection- (a) Testing
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6.11: Casting
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Casting- Typical casting defects an
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Casting- Detection of shrinkage cav
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Inspection of Bonded Joints If the
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6.13: Corrosion Monitoring
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Despite these drawbacks, ultrasonic
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Crack Monitoring Laboratory and in-
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The use of pulse-echo techniques fo
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6.15: Stress Measurements
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The real limitation of this techniq
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The real limitation of
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6.App-1: TOFD Introduction NOTE: No
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TOFD provides a wide area of covera
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TOFD offers rapid weld inspection w
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Due to the low amplitude of the dif
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Tips Diffractions
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TOFD
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TOFD has been used for some time fo
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Figure 5-2 - Hot Lean Amine Corrosi
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For these types of weld inspections
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Scan of weld with cursor positioned
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Measurement of good area shows thic
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6.11.3.3TOFD for Corrosion Measurem
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TOFD for Weld- TOFD Parallel Scanni
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■ Perpendicular Scanning Scanning
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Typical “Perpendicular” Weld Sc
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■ Benefit of TOFD Parallel Scanni
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The Experts at work.
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Break Time mms://a588.l3944020587.c
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Break Time
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Section 6: Selected Applications & Techniques

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