Section 6: Selected Applications & Techniques

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6.9.1 Dimension-Measurement <strong>Applications</strong> Ultrasonic inspection methods can be used for measurement of metal thickness. These same methods can also be used to monitor the deterioration of a surface and subsequent thinning of a part due to wear or corrosion and to determine the position of a solid object or liquid material in a closed metallic cavity.
6.9.2 Thickness measurements are made using pulse-echo techniques. Resonance techniques were also used in the past, but have become obsolete. The results can be read on an oscilloscope screen or on a meter, or they can be printed out. Also, the same data signals can be fed through gates to operate sorting or marking devices or to sound alarms. Resonance thickness testing was most often applied to process control inspection where opposite sides of the test pieces are smooth and parallel, such as in the inspection of hollow extrusions, drawn tubes, tube bends, flat sheet and plate, or electroplated parts. The maximum frequency that can be used for the test determines the minimum thickness that can be measured. The maximum thickness that can be measured depends on such test conditions as couplant characteristics, test frequency, and instrument design and on material type, metallurgical condition, and surface roughness.
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Section 6: Selected Applications &
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6.11: Casting 6.12: Inspection of b
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6.1.1 Casting Defects & Discontinui
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities
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Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
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6.1.3 Welding Defects & Discontinui
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
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Service Induced Defects & Discontin
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Figure 4-24 - In a carbon steel sam
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Figure 4-36 - Weld detail used to j
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Figure 4-38 - Failure of DMW joinin
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Figure 4-58 - Cross-sectional view
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Figure 5-2 - Hot Lean Amine Corrosi
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Figure 5-46 - Overhead interstage k
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Figure 5-48 - Metallographic sample
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6.2: Rail Inspection
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The need for a better inspection me
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Transverse Fissure
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One of the methods used to inspect
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Techniques: Examples of axles with
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6.3: Weldments (Welded Joints)
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UT of Weldments (Welded Joints) F s
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Flaw Detection- Depth Determination
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T = Plate Thickness ϴ = Shear wave
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Flaw Detection- Triangulations of r
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To determine the proper scanning ar
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Expert at works
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Typically scanning patterns
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Weld Scanning
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Weld Scanning
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Echo Dynamic- Position of Defects
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Practice Makes Perfect 52. One of t
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6.4: Pipe & Tube
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Pipe & Tube
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Pipe Scanning
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Pipe Scanning 48.59 o max 30 o max
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Pipe Scanning
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Pipe Scanning- thickness/OD ratio W
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Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
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Q: Calculate the maximum shear wave
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Q35: During immersion testing of pi
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6.5: Echo Dynamic
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6.5.1 Basic echodynamic pattern of
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C.1 Pattern 1 Point-like reflector
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C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
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C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
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C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
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C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
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C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
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Echodynamic- Change of echo height
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Break Time
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Impr
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Refl
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
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Echo Dynamic- Root Concavity
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic- Broad indication with
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic The echo response from
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Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
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Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
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Q183. In immersion testing, irrelev
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Q46. Which best describes a typical
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6.6: Technique Sheets
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Hanger Pin Testing using Shear Wave
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Physical Dimension
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Physical Dimension
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Reporting: Scanning Report - Top of
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Mock-Up
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Mock-Up
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Mock-Up
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Hanger Pin Testing using Shear Wave
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Page 213 and 214: 6.7.2 The attenuation method The at
Page 215 and 216: 6.7.3 Velocity Measurements Velocit
Page 217 and 218: Elastic Modulus Measurement - Young
Page 219 and 220: These basic material properties, wh
Page 221 and 222: Equipment: The velocity measurement
Page 223 and 224: Testing Procedure: Equipment Used.
Page 225 and 226: Velocity & Equations Poisson Ratio
Page 227 and 228: 6.8: High Temperature Ultrasonic Te
Page 229 and 230: 1.0 Background: Although most ultra
Page 231 and 232: Temperature Limitation: Conventiona
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Page 239 and 240: 2.0 Methods used for H.Temperature
Page 241 and 242: For precision thickness gauging app
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Page 245 and 246: 2.2 High Temperature Couplants Most
Page 247 and 248: Keyword: Note that normal incidence
Page 249 and 250: As a general rule, if the outer cas
Page 251 and 252: 2.4 Equipment Functions Freeze Func
Page 253 and 254: Keyword: ■ ■ Velocity change of
Page 255 and 256: 3.3 Increased Attenuation: Sound at
Page 257 and 258: 3.4 Angular Variation in Wedges: Wi
Page 259: 6.9: Dimension-Measurement Applicat
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Page 267 and 268: Fig. 60 Method of determining corre
Page 269 and 270: Fig. 61 Setup for determining the p
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Page 289 and 290: Despite these drawbacks, ultrasonic
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Page 309 and 310: TOFD offers rapid weld inspection w
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Due to the low amplitude of the dif
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Tips Diffractions
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TOFD
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TOFD has been used for some time fo
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Figure 5-2 - Hot Lean Amine Corrosi
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For these types of weld inspections
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Scan of weld with cursor positioned
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Measurement of good area shows thic
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6.11.3.3TOFD for Corrosion Measurem
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TOFD for Weld- TOFD Parallel Scanni
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■ Perpendicular Scanning Scanning
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Typical “Perpendicular” Weld Sc
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■ Benefit of TOFD Parallel Scanni
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The Experts at work.
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Break Time mms://a588.l3944020587.c
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Break Time
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Section 6: Selected Applications & Techniques

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