Section 6: Selected Applications & Techniques

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6.App-1.1 TOFD Basic Theory TOFD is usually performed using longitudinal waves as the primary detection method. Ultrasonic sensors are placed on each side of the weld. One sensor sends the ultrasonic beam into the material and the other sensor receives reflected and diffracted ultrasound from anomalies and geometric reflectors.
TOFD provides a wide area of coverage with a single beam by exploiting ultrasonic beam spread theory inside the wedge and the inspected material. When the beam comes in contact with the tip of a flaw, or crack, diffracted energy is cast in all directions. Measuring the time of flight of the diffracted beams enables accurate and reliable flaw detection and sizing, even if the crack is off-oriented to the initial beam direction. During typical TOFD inspections, A-scans are collected and used to create B- scan (side view) images of the weld. Analysis is done on the acquisition unit or in post-analysis software, positioning cursors to measure the length and through-wall height of flaws. Keywords: ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Tip Diffraction Off-oriented to the initial beam direction Time of Flight A-scan / B-scan Post analysis software
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Section 6: Selected Applications &
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6.11: Casting 6.12: Inspection of b
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6.1.1 Casting Defects & Discontinui
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities
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Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
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6.1.3 Welding Defects & Discontinui
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
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Service Induced Defects & Discontin
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Figure 4-24 - In a carbon steel sam
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Figure 4-36 - Weld detail used to j
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Figure 4-38 - Failure of DMW joinin
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Figure 4-58 - Cross-sectional view
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Figure 5-2 - Hot Lean Amine Corrosi
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Figure 5-46 - Overhead interstage k
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Figure 5-48 - Metallographic sample
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6.2: Rail Inspection
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The need for a better inspection me
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Transverse Fissure
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One of the methods used to inspect
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Techniques: Examples of axles with
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6.3: Weldments (Welded Joints)
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UT of Weldments (Welded Joints) F s
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Flaw Detection- Depth Determination
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T = Plate Thickness ϴ = Shear wave
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Flaw Detection- Triangulations of r
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To determine the proper scanning ar
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Expert at works
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Typically scanning patterns
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Weld Scanning
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Weld Scanning
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Echo Dynamic- Position of Defects
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Practice Makes Perfect 52. One of t
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6.4: Pipe & Tube
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Pipe & Tube
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Pipe Scanning
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Pipe Scanning 48.59 o max 30 o max
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Pipe Scanning
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Pipe Scanning- thickness/OD ratio W
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Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
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Q: Calculate the maximum shear wave
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Q35: During immersion testing of pi
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6.5: Echo Dynamic
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6.5.1 Basic echodynamic pattern of
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C.1 Pattern 1 Point-like reflector
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C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
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C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
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C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
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C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
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C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
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Echodynamic- Change of echo height
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Break Time
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Impr
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Refl
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
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Echo Dynamic- Root Concavity
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic- Broad indication with
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic The echo response from
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Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
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Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
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Q183. In immersion testing, irrelev
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Q46. Which best describes a typical
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6.6: Technique Sheets
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Hanger Pin Testing using Shear Wave
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Physical Dimension
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Physical Dimension
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Reporting: Scanning Report - Top of
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Mock-Up
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Mock-Up
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Mock-Up
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Hanger Pin Testing using Shear Wave
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Pitch and Catch Methods- Set-up
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6.7: Material Properties- Elastic M
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6.7.2 The attenuation method The at
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6.7.3 Velocity Measurements Velocit
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Elastic Modulus Measurement - Young
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These basic material properties, wh
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Equipment: The velocity measurement
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Testing Procedure: Equipment Used.
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Velocity & Equations Poisson Ratio
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6.8: High Temperature Ultrasonic Te
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1.0 Background: Although most ultra
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Temperature Limitation: Conventiona
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敦煌大漠美食 -50 度火
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2.0 Methods used for H.Temperature
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For precision thickness gauging app
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(1b) Flaw detection As in high temp
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2.2 High Temperature Couplants Most
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Keyword: Note that normal incidence
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As a general rule, if the outer cas
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2.4 Equipment Functions Freeze Func
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Keyword: ■ ■ Velocity change of
Page 255 and 256: 3.3 Increased Attenuation: Sound at
Page 257 and 258: 3.4 Angular Variation in Wedges: Wi
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Page 263 and 264: 6.9.2 Thickness measurements are ma
Page 265 and 266: 6.9.3 Position measurements Positio
Page 267 and 268: Fig. 60 Method of determining corre
Page 269 and 270: Fig. 61 Setup for determining the p
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Page 273 and 274: In-Service Inspection- Testing for
Page 275 and 276: In-Service Inspection- (a) Crack te
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Page 281 and 282: Casting- Typical casting defects an
Page 283 and 284: Casting- Detection of shrinkage cav
Page 285 and 286: Inspection of Bonded Joints If the
Page 287 and 288: 6.13: Corrosion Monitoring
Page 289 and 290: Despite these drawbacks, ultrasonic
Page 291 and 292: Crack Monitoring Laboratory and in-
Page 293 and 294: The use of pulse-echo techniques fo
Page 295 and 296: 6.15: Stress Measurements
Page 297 and 298: The real limitation of this techniq
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Page 305: 6.App-1: TOFD Introduction NOTE: No
Page 309 and 310: TOFD offers rapid weld inspection w
Page 311 and 312: Due to the low amplitude of the dif
Page 313 and 314: Tips Diffractions
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Page 319 and 320: Figure 5-2 - Hot Lean Amine Corrosi
Page 321 and 322: For these types of weld inspections
Page 323 and 324: Scan of weld with cursor positioned
Page 325 and 326: Measurement of good area shows thic
Page 327 and 328: 6.11.3.3TOFD for Corrosion Measurem
Page 329 and 330: TOFD for Weld- TOFD Parallel Scanni
Page 331 and 332: ■ Perpendicular Scanning Scanning
Page 333 and 334: Typical “Perpendicular” Weld Sc
Page 335 and 336: ■ Benefit of TOFD Parallel Scanni
Page 337 and 338: The Experts at work.
Page 339 and 340: Break Time mms://a588.l3944020587.c
Page 341 and 342: Break Time
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Section 6: Selected Applications & Techniques

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