UN FAO, 2010 - Two Sides

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xiv FIGURE 1 The world’s forests Forest ( > 10 percent tree cover) Other land Water Note: Tree cover derived from MODIS VCF* 250 meter pixels for year 2005. * Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Vegetation Continous Fields (Hansen et al. 2010). FIGURE 2 Forest area as a percentage of total land area by country, 2010 (%) 0–10 10–30 30–50 50–70 70–100 No data
xv BOx 1 Deforestation and net change in forest area Figure 3 is a simplified model illustrating forest change dynamics. It has only two classes: forests and all other land. A reduction in forest area can happen through either of two processes: deforestation and natural disasters. Deforestation, which is by far the most important, implies that forests are cleared by people and the land converted to another use, such as agriculture or infrastructure. Natural disasters may also destroy forests, and when the area is incapable of regenerating naturally and no efforts are made to replant, it too converts to other land. An increase in forest area can also happen in two ways: either through afforestation (i.e. planting of trees on land that was not previously forested) or through natural expansion of forests (e.g. on abandoned agricultural land, a process which is quite common in some European countries). Where part of a forest is cut down but replanted (reforestation) or grows back on its own within a relatively short period (natural regeneration), there is no change in forest area. For FRA 2010, countries were asked to provide information on their forest area for four points in time. This enables the calculation of the net change in forest area over time. This net change is the sum of all negative changes due to deforestation and natural disasters and all positive changes due to afforestation and natural expansion of forests. FIGURE 3 Forest change dynamics Forest Deforestation Natural disasters Afforestation Natural expansion Other land BOx 2 Previous figures underestimated the global deforestation rate for the 1990s FRA 2010, like FRA 2005, did not directly compile data on deforestation rates because few countries have this information. In FRA 2005 the global deforestation rate was estimated from net changes in forest area. Additional information on afforestation and on natural expansion of forest for the past 20 years has now made it possible to also take into account deforestation within those countries that have had an overall net gain in forest area. As a result, the revised estimate of the global rate of deforestation and loss from natural causes for 1990–2000 (close to 16 million hectares per year) is higher, but more accurate, than was estimated in FRA 2005 (13 million hectares per year).
Page 2 and 3: Cover photos: Seven themes of susta
Page 4 and 5: The designations employed and the p
Page 6 and 7: iv Afforestation and reforestation
Page 8 and 9: vi 4.2 Average area of forest annua
Page 10 and 11: viii 3.3 Proportion of forest area
Page 12 and 13: x Acknowledgements The FRA 2010 mai
Page 14 and 15: xii Acronyms and abbreviations CBD
Page 18 and 19: xvi BOx 3 A global remote sensing s
Page 20 and 21: xviii Primary forests account for 3
Page 22 and 23: xx Legally established protected ar
Page 24 and 25: xxii The value of wood removals is
Page 26 and 27: xxiv FIGURE 15 Public expenditure o
Page 28 and 29: xxvi FIGURE 19 Designated functions
Page 30 and 31: xxviii TABLE 1 Progress towards sus
Page 32 and 33: xxx TABLE 2 Progress towards sustai
Page 35 and 36: 1 Chapter 1 Introduction Global for
Page 37 and 38: Introduction 3 recent agreement rel
Page 39 and 40: Introduction 5 as the guidelines fo
Page 41 and 42: Introduction 7 FIGURE 1.2 fra 2010
Page 43 and 44: 9 Chapter 2 Extent of forest resour
Page 45 and 46: Extent of forest resources 11 More
Page 47 and 48: Extent of forest resources 13 Table
Page 51 and 52: Extent of forest resources 17 At th
Page 53 and 54: Extent of forest resources 19 recen
Page 57 and 58: Extent of forest resources 23 concl
Page 59 and 60: Extent of forest resources 25 Easy
Page 61 and 62: Extent of forest resources 27 speci
Page 63 and 64: Extent of forest resources 29 Figur
Page 65 and 66: Extent of forest resources 31 count
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Extent of forest resources 33 Annua
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Extent of forest resources 35 grOwi
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Extent of forest resources 37 About
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Extent of forest resources 39 the F
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Extent of forest resources 41 concl
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Extent of forest resources 43 the g
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Extent of forest resources 45 Quant
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Extent of forest resources 47 For c
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49 Chapter 3 Forest biological dive
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Forest biological diversity 51 Anal
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Forest biological diversity 53 TABl
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Forest biological diversity 55 over
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Forest biological diversity 57 indi
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Forest biological diversity 59 FIGu
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Forest biological diversity 61 Howe
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Forest biological diversity 63 TABl
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66 Global Forest Resources Assessme
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85 Chapter 5 Productive functions o
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Productive functions of forest reso
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110 Global Forest Resources Assessm
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119 Chapter 7 Socio-economic functi
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Socio-economic functions of forest
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149 Chapter 8 Legal, policy and ins
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Legal, policy and institutional fra
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163 Chapter 9 Progress towards sust
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Progress towards sustainable forest
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187 Chapter 10 Conclusions FAO has
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Conclusions 189 FIGurE 10.1 Informa
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Conclusions 191 BOx 10.2 Special st
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Conclusions 193 positive news Howev
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209 Annex 2 Terms and definitions u
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Annex 2: Terms and definitions used
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217 Annex 3 Global tables NOTES Cou
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Annex 3: Global tables 219 Country/
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Annex 3: Global tables 225 TAble 2
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327 Annex 4 FRA 2010 Working papers
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UN FAO, 2010 - Two Sides

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