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Glyphosate 7e.2 Herbicide Details Chemical Formula: N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine Trade Names: Monsanto discovered and held the patent for glyphosate, and was for many years, the only company that manufactured and sold this herbicide. The patent expired in 2000, however, and already several other companies are making and selling glyphosate formulations. Some of the current trade names include: Roundup Ultra ® , Roundup Pro ® , Accord ® , Honcho ® , Pondmaster ® , Protocol ® , Rascal ® , Expedite ® , Ranger ® , Bronco ® , Campain ® , Landmaster ® , and Fallow Master ® by Monsanto; Glyphomax ® and Glypro ® by Dow AgroSciences; Glyphosate herbicide by Du Pont; Silhouette ® by Cenex/Land O’Lakes; Rattler ® by Helena; MirageR ® by Platte; JuryR ® by Riverside/Terra; and Touchdown ® by Zeneca. As of November 2001, Rodeo ® (previously manufactured by Monsanto) is now being manufactured by Dow AgroSciences and Monsanto is now producing Aquamaster ® . Manufacturers: Current manufacturers include Monsanto, Cenex/Land O’Lakes, Helena, Platte, Riverside/Terra, Dow AgroSciences, and Zeneca. Use Against Natural Area Weeds: Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum, nonselective systemic herbicide that kills or suppresses many grasses, forbs, vines, shrubs, and trees. Care should be taken, especially in natural areas, to prevent it from being applied to desirable, native plants, because it will likely kill them. In terrestrial systems, glyphosate can be applied to foliage, green stems, and cut-stems (cut-stumps), but cannot penetrate woody bark (Carlisle & Trevors 1988). Only certain formulations of glyphosate (e.g., Rodeo ® ) are registered for aquatic use, as glyphosate by itself is essentially non-toxic to submersed plants (Forney & Davis 1981), but the adjuvents often sold with glyphosate may be toxic to aquatic plants and animals. Glyphosate is one of the most commonly used herbicides in natural areas, because it provides effective control of many species. Natural area weeds that have been controlled with glyphosate include: bush honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii), cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica), common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), and smooth brome (Bromus inermis). In TNC preserves, glyphosate has been used to control dewberries (Rubus spp.), bigtooth aspen (Populus grandidentata), and black cherry (Prunus serotina) at Kitty Todd preserve in Ohio, sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis) in Indiana preserves, leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) and St. John’s wort/Klamath weed (Hypericum perforatum) in Michigan preserves, and bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) and velvetgrass (Holcus lanatus) in Oregon and Washington preserves. In aquatic or wetland systems, glyphosate has successfully controlled common reed (Phragmites australis) in Delaware, Michigan, and Massachusetts preserves, purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in Indiana and Michigan preserves, reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) in Illinois preserves, and glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus) and hybrid cattail (Typha x glauca) in Michigan preserves. Weed Control Methods Handbook, The Nature Conservancy, Tu et al.
Glyphosate 7e.3 Mode of Action: Glyphosate kills plants by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme 5- enolpyruvylshikimic acid-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP), which is necessary for the formation of the aromatic amino acids tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine. These amino acids are important in the synthesis of proteins that link primary and secondary metabolism (Carlisle & Trevors 1988). EPSPs are present in the chloroplast of most plant species, but are not present in animals. Animals need these three amino acids, but obtain them by eating plants or other animals. Glyphosate is therefore, relatively non-toxic to animals (Monsanto Company 1985). Certain surfactants or other ingredients that are added to some glyphosate formulations are toxic to fish and other aquatic species (EXTOXNET 1996). Glyphosate can also act as a competitive inhibitor of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), which is one of the precursors to aromatic amino acid synthesis. It also affects other biochemical processes, and, although these effects are considered secondary, they may be important in the total lethal action of glyphosate. Dissipation Mechanisms: Summary: Glyphosate is degraded primarily by microbial metabolism. Glyphosate is believed to be susceptible to photodegradation (Lund-Hoie & Friestad 1986), but the extent to which this occurs is uncertain. Glyphosate is not significantly degraded by other chemical mechanisms in the field. Glyphosate is strongly adsorbed to soil, which can slow microbial metabolism but prevents excessive movement in the environment. Glyphosate is non-volatile (T. Lanini, pers. obs). Volatilization Glyphosate does not volatilize readily when applied in the field (T. Lanini, pers. obs.). Photodegradation Although originally thought to be unaffected by sunlight (Rueppel et al. 1977), later studies found glyphosate to be susceptible to photodegradation (Lund-Hoie & Friestad 1986; Carlisle & Trevors 1988). Lund-Hoie and Friestad (1986) reported a half-life of four days for glyphosate in deionized water under UV light. Microbial Degradation Glyphosate is degraded primarily by microbial metabolism. Two steady rates of degradation have been identified (Rueppel et al. 1977). It has been hypothesized that the more rapid rate of degradation represents the metabolism of unbound glyphosate molecules, while the slower rate represents the metabolism of glyphosate molecules bound to soil particles (Nomura & Hilton 1977; Rueppel et al. 1977). The degradation of glyphosate is slower in soils with a higher adsorption capacity. Degradation rate was also affected by the particular microbial community of each soil (Carlisle & Trevors 1988; Malik et al. 1989). The primarily metabolite of glyphosate is aminomethylphosphonic acid, which is non-toxic and degraded microbially at a somewhat slower rate than the parent compound (Nomura & Hilton 1977; Rueppel et al. 1977; Weed Control Methods Handbook, The Nature Conservancy, Tu et al.
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Weed Control Methods Handbook: Tool
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Introduction Intro.1 INTRODUCTION I
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Introduction Intro.3 Information on
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Manual & Mechanical Techniques 1.2
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Grazing 2.1 Chapter 2 - GRAZING Gra
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Grazing 2.5 from being grazed. Beca
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Prescribed Fire 3.3 the professiona
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Prescribed Fire 3.5 OTHER CONSIDERA
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Prescribed Fire 3.7 Scientific Name
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Prescribed Fire 3.9 Mauer, T. 1985.
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Biological Control 4.2 biocontrol p
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Biological Control 4.4 Galerucella
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Biological Control 4.6 may pose to
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Biological Control 4.8 Table 1a (co
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Biological Control 4.10 Excellent u
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Biological Control 4.12 TNC POLICIE
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Biological Control 4.14 Obtaining a
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Biological Control 4.16 establish o
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Biological Control 4.18 will likely
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Biological Control 4.20 340 In E.S.
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Biological Control 4.22 McEvoy, P.B
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Biological Control 4.24 Wymore, L.A
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Guidelines for Herbicide Use 5.2 3.
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Guidelines for Herbicide Use 5.4 HE
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Page 125 and 126: Hexazinone 7f.1 HEXAZINONE Herbicid
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Triclopyr 7k.5 Water In water, the
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Triclopyr 7k.7 Application Consider
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Adjuvants 8.1 M. Tu & J.M. Randall
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Adjuvants 8.3 how certain adjuvants
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Adjuvants 8.5 How to choose an adju
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Adjuvants 8.7 REGULATION OF ADJUVAN
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Adjuvants 8.9 1999; Kirkwood 1994).
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Adjuvants 8.11 Box 6: Hydrophilic-L
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Adjuvants 8.13 Petroleum oils Petro
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Adjuvants 8.15 Foaming agents also
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Adjuvants 8.17 polyethylene glycol,
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Adjuvants 8.19 Bob Brenton and Rob
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Adjuvants 8.21 CONTACTS Pat Bily, I
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Adjuvants 8.25 Roggenbuck, F.S., Pe
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PVC Applicator Appendix 1.2 The spo
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Spot-Burning Appendix 2.2 Ignition:
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Spot-Burning Appendix 2.4 possible
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Pesticide Label Appendix 3.2 Sample
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Pesticide Regulation Appendix 4.2 A
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State Pesticide Regulatory Agencies
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