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Behavior in Soils Behavior in Water 2,4 D Herbicide Average Soil Half-life 10 days Soil Sorption (Koc) 20 mL/g (acid/salt), 100 mL/g (ester) Mobility (based on Helling's classification system - Helling & Turner 1968) Water Solubility moderate-high 900 mg/L (acid), 100 mg/L (ester), 796,000 mg/L (salt) Average Half-life in Water varies from hours to months Clopyralid 40 days avg 6 mL/g but ranges to 60 mL/g moderate-high 1,000 mg/L (acid), 300,000 mg/L (salt) 8-40 days Fluazifop-p-Butyl 15 days 5,700 mL/g moderate* 1.1 mg/L stable in water Fosamine Glyphosate 8 days 150 mL/g moderate* 1,790,000 mg/L stable in water 47 days 24,000 mL/g low 15,700 mg/L (acid), 900,000 mg/L (IPA salt), 4,300,000 mg/L 12 days to 10 weeks Hexazinone 90 days poor, Koc unk. moderate-high 33,000 mg/L several days to > 9 months Imazapic 120-140 days 206 mL/g low? 36,000 mg/L (pH 7) < 8 hours Imazapyr 25-141 days poor, Koc unk. low-moderate 11,272 mg/L 2 days Picloram 90 days 16 mg/L (can range -17- 160 mL/g) moderate-high 430 mg/L (acid), 200,000 (salts) 2-3 days Sethoxydim Triclopyr 5 days 100 mL/g high* 30 days 20 mL/g (salt), 780 mL/g (ester) moderate-high *unofficial estimate 257 mg/L (pH 5), 4,390 mg/L (pH 7) 430 mg/L (acid), 23 mg/L (ester), 2,100,000 mg/L (salt) hours in sunlight 4 days
Degradation Mechanism Toxicity & [EPA Toxicity Categories*] Herbicide Microbial Degradation Chemical Solar Degradation Oral LD50 - Mammals (Rats) LD50 - Birds (BW - bobwhite quail, M - mallards) LC50 - Fish (bluegill sunfish) Dermal LD50 - Rabbit 2,4 D Primary mechanism Minor mechanism Low potential 764 mg/kg [low] 500 mg/kg (BW) [moderate] 263 mg/L [moderate] NA Clopyralid Fluazifop-p-Butyl Fosamine Glyphosate Hexazinone Imazapic Imazapyr Picloram Sethoxydim Primary mechanism Minor mechanism Low potential Primary mechanism Primary mechanism Secondary mechanism Very minor mechanism Low potential Very low potential Primary mechanism Minor mechanism Low potential Primary mechanism Primary mechanism Primary mechanism Primary mechanism Minor mechanism Very minor mechanism? Minor mechanism Primary mechanism Moderate potential Low? Moderate potential Moderate potential Primary mechanism Minor mechanism High potential 4,300 mg/kg [low] 4,096 mg/kg [low] 24,000 mg/kg [slight] 5,600 mg/kg [slight] 1,690 mg/kg [low] > 5,000 mg/kg [slight] > 5,000 mg/kg [slight] > 5,000 mg/kg [slight] >2,676 mg/kg [low] 1,465 mg/kg (M) [low] >3,528 mg/kg (M) [low] 10,000 mg/kg (BW/M) [slight] > 4,640 mg/kg (BW/M) [low] 2,258 mg/kg (BW) [low] > 2,150 mg/kg (BW) [low] > 2,150 mg/kg (BW/M) [low] > 2,510 mg/kg (M) [low] > 2,510 mg/kg (M) [low] 125 mg/L [moderate] 0.53 mg/L [high] 670 mg/L [low] 120 mg/L [moderate] 370 mg/L [moderate] > 100 mg/L [moderate] >100 mg/L [moderate] >14.4 mg/L [high] 100 mg/L [moderate] >2000 mg/kg >2420 mg/kg >1683 mg/kg >5000 mg/kg >6000 mg/kg > 5000 mg/kg >2000 mg/kg >2000 mg/kg >5000 mg/kg Triclopyr Primary mechanism Minor mechanism Moderate potential 713 mg/kg [low] *based on EPA Toxicity Categories 1,698 mg/kg (M) [low] 148 mg/L [moderate] >2000 mg/kg
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Weed Control Methods Handbook: Tool
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Introduction Intro.1 INTRODUCTION I
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Introduction Intro.3 Information on
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Manual & Mechanical Techniques 1.2
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Grazing 2.1 Chapter 2 - GRAZING Gra
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Grazing 2.3 Grazing will often resu
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Grazing 2.5 from being grazed. Beca
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Prescribed Fire 3.1 Chapter 3 - PRE
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Prescribed Fire 3.3 the professiona
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Prescribed Fire 3.5 OTHER CONSIDERA
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Prescribed Fire 3.7 Scientific Name
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Prescribed Fire 3.9 Mauer, T. 1985.
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Biological Control 4.2 biocontrol p
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Biological Control 4.4 Galerucella
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Page 35 and 36: Biological Control 4.8 Table 1a (co
Page 37 and 38: Biological Control 4.10 Excellent u
Page 39 and 40: Biological Control 4.12 TNC POLICIE
Page 41 and 42: Biological Control 4.14 Obtaining a
Page 43 and 44: Biological Control 4.16 establish o
Page 45 and 46: Biological Control 4.18 will likely
Page 47 and 48: Biological Control 4.20 340 In E.S.
Page 49 and 50: Biological Control 4.22 McEvoy, P.B
Page 51 and 52: Biological Control 4.24 Wymore, L.A
Page 53 and 54: Guidelines for Herbicide Use 5.2 3.
Page 55 and 56: Guidelines for Herbicide Use 5.4 HE
Page 57 and 58: Guidelines for Herbicide Use 5.6 PE
Page 59 and 60: Guidelines for Herbicide Use 5.8 He
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Page 63 and 64: Guidelines for Herbicide Use 5.12 3
Page 65 and 66: Guidelines for Herbicide Use 5.14 S
Page 67 and 68: Guidelines for Herbicide Use 5.16 C
Page 69 and 70: Guidelines for Herbicide Use 5.18 I
Page 71 and 72: Herbicide Properties 6.2 Some of th
Page 73 and 74: Herbicide Properties 6.4 Imazapyr,
Page 75 and 76: Herbicide Properties 6.6 Adjuvants
Page 77 and 78: Herbicide Properties 6.8 to soil pa
Page 79 and 80: Herbicide Properties 6.10 may provi
Page 81 and 82: Herbicide Properties 6.12 LD50s det
Page 83: Herbicide Properties Herbicide 2,4
Page 87 and 88: 2,4-D 7a.1 2,4-D Herbicide Basics C
Page 89 and 90: 2,4-D 7a.3 also stimulate RNA, DNA,
Page 91 and 92: 2,4-D 7a.5 Half-lives are short, ra
Page 93 and 94: 2,4-D 7a.7 2,4-D can accumulate in
Page 95 and 96: 2,4-D 7a.9 Han, S. O. and P. B. New
Page 97 and 98: Clopyralid 7b.1 M. Tu, C. Hurd, R.
Page 99 and 100: Clopyralid 7b.3 Summary: In soil an
Page 101 and 102: Clopyralid 7b.5 et al. (1997) concl
Page 103 and 104: Fluazifop-p-butyl 7c.1 FLUAZIFOP-P-
Page 105 and 106: Fluazifop-p-butyl 7c.3 The cells th
Page 107 and 108: Fluazifop-p-butyl 7c.5 Application
Page 109 and 110: Fosamine 7d.1 FOSAMINE AMMONIUM Her
Page 111 and 112: Fosamine 7d.3 Microbial Degradation
Page 113 and 114: Fosamine 7d.5 According to Barring
Page 115 and 116: Glyphosate 7e.1 M. Tu, C. Hurd, R.
Page 117 and 118: Glyphosate 7e.3 Mode of Action: Gly
Page 119 and 120: Glyphosate 7e.5 Because glyphosate
Page 121 and 122: Glyphosate 7e.7 Application Conside
Page 123 and 124: Glyphosate 7e.9 Roberts, R.O. and S
Page 125 and 126: Hexazinone 7f.1 HEXAZINONE Herbicid
Page 127 and 128: Hexazinone 7f.3 Volatilization Hexa
Page 129 and 130: Hexazinone 7f.5 Mayack et al. (1982
Page 131 and 132: Hexazinone 7f.7 If chronic exposure
Page 133 and 134: Hexazinone 7f.9 Lavy, T. L., J. D.
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Imazapic 7g.1 IMAZAPIC Herbicide Ba
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Imazapic 7g.3 application. They hav
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Imazapic 7g.5 studies do not indica
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Imazapic 7g.7 Beran, D.D., Masters,
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Imazapyr 7h.2 Herbicide Details Che
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Imazapyr 7h.4 adsorption of imazapy
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Imazapyr 7h.6 apply imazapyr direct
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Picloram 7i.1 PICLORAM Herbicide Ba
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Picloram 7i.3 western Minnesota. It
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Picloram 7i.5 al. 1967; Jotcham et
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Picloram 7i.7 Safety Measures: Picl
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Picloram 7i.9 Meikle, R. W., E. A.
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Sethoxydim 7j.2 Herbicide Details C
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Sethoxydim 7j.4 Water In water, set
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Triclopyr 7k.1 M. Tu, C. Hurd, R. R
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Triclopyr 7k.3 coordination. Low co
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Triclopyr 7k.5 Water In water, the
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Triclopyr 7k.7 Application Consider
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Adjuvants 8.1 M. Tu & J.M. Randall
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Adjuvants 8.3 how certain adjuvants
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Adjuvants 8.5 How to choose an adju
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Adjuvants 8.7 REGULATION OF ADJUVAN
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Adjuvants 8.9 1999; Kirkwood 1994).
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Adjuvants 8.11 Box 6: Hydrophilic-L
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Adjuvants 8.13 Petroleum oils Petro
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Adjuvants 8.15 Foaming agents also
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Adjuvants 8.17 polyethylene glycol,
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Adjuvants 8.19 Bob Brenton and Rob
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Adjuvants 8.21 CONTACTS Pat Bily, I
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Adjuvants 8.23 Q: Can I use food co
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Adjuvants 8.25 Roggenbuck, F.S., Pe
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PVC Applicator Appendix 1.2 The spo
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Spot-Burning Appendix 2.2 Ignition:
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Spot-Burning Appendix 2.4 possible
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Pesticide Label Appendix 3.2 Sample
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Pesticide Label Appendix 3.4 7. Sig
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Pesticide Regulation Appendix 4.2 A
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State Pesticide Regulatory Agencies
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