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Biological Control 4.7 Coombs believes that while successful biocontrol agents will likely be found for these thistles, they will only be replaced by another pest and then another in an endless substitution series, unless cultural practices in the area are changed. Wildland weed species targeted for classical biocontrol Julien and Griffiths (1998) catalogued a world total of 1,120 intentional releases of 365 species of biocontrol agents released against a total of 133 weed species in 75 countries between the late 1800s and 1996. Until the 1980s most biocontrol programs directed against invasive weeds in North America were funded and initiated primarily because the targeted species were troublesome in rangelands, commercial forests, or in waterways used for navigation or irrigation. Many of these weeds also invade conservation areas and other wildlands. In the past decade or so, there has been greater focus on weeds that invade natural areas, but have little impact on agriculture or forestry. At least one biocontrol agent has been released in the U.S. (including Hawaii) and/or Canada against each of the wildland invasive plants listed in Tables 1a and 1b. The invaders listed in Table 1c are currently the subject of research and testing as possible targets for future biocontrol releases. Table 1a. List of weeds with released/available biocontrol agents. Latin Name Common Name Where Available Acroptilon repens Russian knapweed mainland US Ageratina adenophora crofton weed HI Ageratina riparia Hamakua pamakani HI Alternanthera philoxeroides alligatorweed mainland US Calystegia sepium hedge bindweed mainland US Carduus acanthoides plumeless thistle mainland US Carduus nutans musk thistle mainland US Carduus pycnocephalus Italian thistle mainland US Carduus tenuiflorus slenderflower thistle mainland US Centaurea cyanus bachelor's button mainland US Centaurea diffusa diffuse knapweed mainland US Centaurea maculosa spotted knapweed mainland US Centaurea pratensis meadow knapweed mainland US Centaurea solstitialis yellow starthistle mainland US Centaurea virgata ssp. squarrosa squarrose knapweed mainland US Chondrilla juncea rush skeleton mainland US Weed Control Methods Handbook, The Nature Conservancy, Tu et al.
Biological Control 4.8 Table 1a (cont.). List of weeds with released/available biocontrol agents. Cirsium arvense Canada thistle mainland US Cirsium vulgare bull thistle mainland US Clidemia hirta Kosters curse HI Coccinia grandis ivy gourd HI Conium maculatum poison hemlock mainland US Convolvulus arvensis field bindweed mainland US Cyperus esculentus yellow nutgrass mainland US Cyperus rotundus nut grass HI Cytisus scoparius Scotch broom mainland US Eichhornia crassipes water hyacinth mainland US Elephantopus mollis tobacco weed HI Emex australis three cornered Jacks HI Emex spinosa lesser Jacks HI Euphorbia cyparissias cypress spurge mainland US Euphorbia esula leafy spurge mainland US Halogeton glomeratus halogeton mainland US Hydrilla verticillata hydrilla mainland US Hypericum perforatum St. Johnswort mainland US Lantana camara lantana HI Linaria genistifolia ssp. dalmatica Dalmatian toadflax mainland US Linaria vulgaris yellow toadflax mainland US Lythrum salicaria purple loosestrife mainland US Melaleuca quinquenervia Melaleuca mainland US Melastoma malabathricum Indian rhododendron HI Myrica faya firebush HI Opuntia cordobensis Opuntia HI Opuntia ficus-indica mission prickly pear HI Opuntia littoralis prickly pear mainland US Opuntia oricola prickly pear mainland US Passiflora tripartita banana poka HI Pistia stratiotes water lettuce mainland US Pluchea odorata sour bush HI Rubus argutus prickly FL blackberry HI Salsola australis = S. kali, S. iberica Russian thistle mainland US Salvia aethiopsis Mediterranean sage mainland US Schinus terebinthifolius Brazilian pepper tree HI Senecio jacobaea tansy ragwort mainland US Silybum marianum milk thistle mainland US Sonchus arvensis perennial sow-thistle Canada Tamarix chinensis tamarisk mainland US Tamarix gallica tamarisk mainland US Tamarix parviflora tamarisk mainland US Tamarix ramosissima tamarisk mainland US Tribulus cistoides puncturevine HI Tribulus terrestris puncturevine mainland US Ulex europaeus gorse mainland US Weed Control Methods Handbook, The Nature Conservancy, Tu et al.
Page 1 and 2: Weed Control Methods Handbook: Tool
Page 3 and 4: Introduction Intro.1 INTRODUCTION I
Page 5 and 6: Introduction Intro.3 Information on
Page 7 and 8: Manual & Mechanical Techniques 1.2
Page 13 and 14: Grazing 2.1 Chapter 2 - GRAZING Gra
Page 15 and 16: Grazing 2.3 Grazing will often resu
Page 17 and 18: Grazing 2.5 from being grazed. Beca
Page 19 and 20: Prescribed Fire 3.1 Chapter 3 - PRE
Page 21 and 22: Prescribed Fire 3.3 the professiona
Page 23 and 24: Prescribed Fire 3.5 OTHER CONSIDERA
Page 25 and 26: Prescribed Fire 3.7 Scientific Name
Page 27 and 28: Prescribed Fire 3.9 Mauer, T. 1985.
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Page 31 and 32: Biological Control 4.4 Galerucella
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Page 39 and 40: Biological Control 4.12 TNC POLICIE
Page 41 and 42: Biological Control 4.14 Obtaining a
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Page 49 and 50: Biological Control 4.22 McEvoy, P.B
Page 51 and 52: Biological Control 4.24 Wymore, L.A
Page 53 and 54: Guidelines for Herbicide Use 5.2 3.
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Page 67 and 68: Guidelines for Herbicide Use 5.16 C
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Page 71 and 72: Herbicide Properties 6.2 Some of th
Page 73 and 74: Herbicide Properties 6.4 Imazapyr,
Page 75 and 76: Herbicide Properties 6.6 Adjuvants
Page 77 and 78: Herbicide Properties 6.8 to soil pa
Page 79 and 80: Herbicide Properties 6.10 may provi
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Page 83 and 84: Herbicide Properties Herbicide 2,4
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Degradation Mechanism Toxicity & [E
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2,4-D 7a.1 2,4-D Herbicide Basics C
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2,4-D 7a.3 also stimulate RNA, DNA,
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2,4-D 7a.5 Half-lives are short, ra
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2,4-D 7a.7 2,4-D can accumulate in
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2,4-D 7a.9 Han, S. O. and P. B. New
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Clopyralid 7b.1 M. Tu, C. Hurd, R.
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Clopyralid 7b.3 Summary: In soil an
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Clopyralid 7b.5 et al. (1997) concl
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Fluazifop-p-butyl 7c.1 FLUAZIFOP-P-
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Fluazifop-p-butyl 7c.3 The cells th
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Fluazifop-p-butyl 7c.5 Application
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Fosamine 7d.1 FOSAMINE AMMONIUM Her
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Fosamine 7d.3 Microbial Degradation
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Fosamine 7d.5 According to Barring
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Glyphosate 7e.1 M. Tu, C. Hurd, R.
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Glyphosate 7e.3 Mode of Action: Gly
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Glyphosate 7e.5 Because glyphosate
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Glyphosate 7e.7 Application Conside
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Glyphosate 7e.9 Roberts, R.O. and S
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Hexazinone 7f.1 HEXAZINONE Herbicid
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Hexazinone 7f.3 Volatilization Hexa
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Hexazinone 7f.5 Mayack et al. (1982
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Hexazinone 7f.7 If chronic exposure
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Hexazinone 7f.9 Lavy, T. L., J. D.
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Imazapic 7g.1 IMAZAPIC Herbicide Ba
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Imazapic 7g.3 application. They hav
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Imazapic 7g.5 studies do not indica
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Imazapic 7g.7 Beran, D.D., Masters,
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Imazapyr 7h.2 Herbicide Details Che
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Imazapyr 7h.4 adsorption of imazapy
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Imazapyr 7h.6 apply imazapyr direct
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Picloram 7i.1 PICLORAM Herbicide Ba
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Picloram 7i.3 western Minnesota. It
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Picloram 7i.5 al. 1967; Jotcham et
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Picloram 7i.7 Safety Measures: Picl
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Picloram 7i.9 Meikle, R. W., E. A.
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Sethoxydim 7j.2 Herbicide Details C
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Sethoxydim 7j.4 Water In water, set
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Triclopyr 7k.1 M. Tu, C. Hurd, R. R
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Triclopyr 7k.3 coordination. Low co
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Triclopyr 7k.5 Water In water, the
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Triclopyr 7k.7 Application Consider
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Adjuvants 8.1 M. Tu & J.M. Randall
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Adjuvants 8.3 how certain adjuvants
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Adjuvants 8.5 How to choose an adju
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Adjuvants 8.7 REGULATION OF ADJUVAN
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Adjuvants 8.9 1999; Kirkwood 1994).
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Adjuvants 8.11 Box 6: Hydrophilic-L
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Adjuvants 8.13 Petroleum oils Petro
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Adjuvants 8.15 Foaming agents also
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Adjuvants 8.17 polyethylene glycol,
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Adjuvants 8.19 Bob Brenton and Rob
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Adjuvants 8.21 CONTACTS Pat Bily, I
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Adjuvants 8.23 Q: Can I use food co
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Adjuvants 8.25 Roggenbuck, F.S., Pe
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PVC Applicator Appendix 1.2 The spo
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Spot-Burning Appendix 2.2 Ignition:
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Spot-Burning Appendix 2.4 possible
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Pesticide Label Appendix 3.2 Sample
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Pesticide Label Appendix 3.4 7. Sig
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Pesticide Regulation Appendix 4.2 A
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State Pesticide Regulatory Agencies
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