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Herbicide 2,4 D Clopyralid Fluazifop-p-Butyl Fosamine Glyphosate Hexazinone Imazapic Imazapyr Picloram Sethoxydim Triclopyr Notes Inexpensive and common herbicide used for over 50 years. Highly selective herbicide developed as an alternative to picloram. Toxic to most grasses except annual bluegrass and all fine fescues. Not registered for use in California or Arizona. Little to no soil activity. Some formulations are highly toxic to aquatic organisms. Potential for ground water contamination. Toxic to algae. Degree of control depends on selectivity of individual plants. Provides long-term total vegetation control. Environmental persistence can endanger non-target plants and animals. Rapid degradation can limit effectiveness. Commonly used herbicide. The ester formulation is highly toxic to aquatic organisms. Date Authored: April 2001
2,4-D 7a.1 2,4-D Herbicide Basics Chemical formula: (2,4- dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid Herbicide Family: Phenoxy Target weeds: broadleafs Forms: salt & ester Formulations: EC, WP, SL, GR, SP Mode of Action: Auxin mimic Water Solubility: 900 ppm Adsorption potential: lowintermediate (higher for ester than salt) Primary degradation mech: Microbial metabolism Average Soil Half-life: 10 days Mobility Potential: intermediate Dermal LD50 for rabbits: unknown Oral LD50 for rats: 764 mg/kg LC50 for bluegill sunfish: 263 mg/L Trade Names: Aqua-Kleen ® , Barrage ® , and Weedone ® Manufacturers: Current manufacturers include Aventis, Dow AgroSciences, and Nufarm, U.S.A. Synopsis 2,4-D is one of the oldest herbicides used in the United States. It was first developed during World War II and became famous as a component of the controversial Agent Orange used during the Vietnam War. Today, 2,4-D continues to be one of the most commonly used herbicides on the market. Because there is no longer a patent governing the manufacture and sale of 2,4-D, any company is free to produce it. Thus, a variety of inexpensive 2,4-D products are available from different manufacturers. Because it has been in use for so long, many of the studies regarding its behavior in the environment are old (e.g. pre- 1980). 2,4-D is a selective herbicide that kills dicots (but not grasses) by mimicking the growth hormone auxin, which causes uncontrolled growth and eventually death in susceptible plants. The half-life of 2,4-D in the environment is relatively short, averaging 10 days in soils and less than ten days in water, but can be significantly longer in cold, dry soils, or where the appropriate microbial community is not present to facilitate degradation. In the environment, most formulations are degraded to the anionic form, which is water-soluble and has the potential to be highly mobile. Ester formulations are toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates, but salt formulations are registered for use against aquatic weeds. 2,4-D is of relatively low toxicity to animals but some formulations can cause severe eye damage. Certain crops, such as grapes, are highly sensitive to 2,4-D and application of this herbicide should be avoided if they are nearby. Most formulations are highly volatile and should not be applied when conditions are windy or when temperatures are high. Weed Control Methods Handbook, The Nature Conservancy, Tu et al.
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Weed Control Methods Handbook: Tool
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Introduction Intro.1 INTRODUCTION I
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Introduction Intro.3 Information on
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Manual & Mechanical Techniques 1.2
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Grazing 2.1 Chapter 2 - GRAZING Gra
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Grazing 2.3 Grazing will often resu
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Grazing 2.5 from being grazed. Beca
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Prescribed Fire 3.1 Chapter 3 - PRE
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Prescribed Fire 3.3 the professiona
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Prescribed Fire 3.5 OTHER CONSIDERA
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Prescribed Fire 3.7 Scientific Name
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Prescribed Fire 3.9 Mauer, T. 1985.
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Biological Control 4.2 biocontrol p
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Biological Control 4.4 Galerucella
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Biological Control 4.6 may pose to
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Page 49 and 50: Biological Control 4.22 McEvoy, P.B
Page 51 and 52: Biological Control 4.24 Wymore, L.A
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Page 73 and 74: Herbicide Properties 6.4 Imazapyr,
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Page 83 and 84: Herbicide Properties Herbicide 2,4
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Page 97 and 98: Clopyralid 7b.1 M. Tu, C. Hurd, R.
Page 99 and 100: Clopyralid 7b.3 Summary: In soil an
Page 101 and 102: Clopyralid 7b.5 et al. (1997) concl
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Page 107 and 108: Fluazifop-p-butyl 7c.5 Application
Page 109 and 110: Fosamine 7d.1 FOSAMINE AMMONIUM Her
Page 111 and 112: Fosamine 7d.3 Microbial Degradation
Page 113 and 114: Fosamine 7d.5 According to Barring
Page 115 and 116: Glyphosate 7e.1 M. Tu, C. Hurd, R.
Page 117 and 118: Glyphosate 7e.3 Mode of Action: Gly
Page 119 and 120: Glyphosate 7e.5 Because glyphosate
Page 121 and 122: Glyphosate 7e.7 Application Conside
Page 123 and 124: Glyphosate 7e.9 Roberts, R.O. and S
Page 125 and 126: Hexazinone 7f.1 HEXAZINONE Herbicid
Page 127 and 128: Hexazinone 7f.3 Volatilization Hexa
Page 129 and 130: Hexazinone 7f.5 Mayack et al. (1982
Page 131 and 132: Hexazinone 7f.7 If chronic exposure
Page 133 and 134: Hexazinone 7f.9 Lavy, T. L., J. D.
Page 135 and 136: Imazapic 7g.1 IMAZAPIC Herbicide Ba
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Imazapic 7g.3 application. They hav
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Imazapic 7g.5 studies do not indica
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Imazapic 7g.7 Beran, D.D., Masters,
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Imazapyr 7h.2 Herbicide Details Che
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Imazapyr 7h.4 adsorption of imazapy
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Imazapyr 7h.6 apply imazapyr direct
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Picloram 7i.1 PICLORAM Herbicide Ba
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Picloram 7i.3 western Minnesota. It
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Picloram 7i.5 al. 1967; Jotcham et
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Picloram 7i.7 Safety Measures: Picl
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Picloram 7i.9 Meikle, R. W., E. A.
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Sethoxydim 7j.2 Herbicide Details C
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Sethoxydim 7j.4 Water In water, set
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Triclopyr 7k.1 M. Tu, C. Hurd, R. R
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Triclopyr 7k.3 coordination. Low co
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Triclopyr 7k.5 Water In water, the
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Triclopyr 7k.7 Application Consider
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Adjuvants 8.1 M. Tu & J.M. Randall
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Adjuvants 8.3 how certain adjuvants
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Adjuvants 8.5 How to choose an adju
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Adjuvants 8.7 REGULATION OF ADJUVAN
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Adjuvants 8.9 1999; Kirkwood 1994).
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Adjuvants 8.11 Box 6: Hydrophilic-L
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Adjuvants 8.13 Petroleum oils Petro
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Adjuvants 8.15 Foaming agents also
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Adjuvants 8.17 polyethylene glycol,
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Adjuvants 8.19 Bob Brenton and Rob
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Adjuvants 8.21 CONTACTS Pat Bily, I
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Adjuvants 8.23 Q: Can I use food co
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Adjuvants 8.25 Roggenbuck, F.S., Pe
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PVC Applicator Appendix 1.2 The spo
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Spot-Burning Appendix 2.2 Ignition:
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Spot-Burning Appendix 2.4 possible
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Pesticide Label Appendix 3.2 Sample
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Pesticide Label Appendix 3.4 7. Sig
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Pesticide Regulation Appendix 4.2 A
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State Pesticide Regulatory Agencies
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