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Manual & Mechanical Techniques 1.7 canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) in Ohio. At Wertheim NWR on Long Island, NY, Phragmites australis was controlled by burning and then flooding with several feet of water in impounded areas. REFERENCES Benefield, C.B., DiTomaso, J.M., Kyser, G.B., Orloff, S.B., Churches, K.R., Marcum, D.B., and G.A. Nader. 1999. Success of mowing to control yellow starthistle depends on timing and plants branching form. California Agriculture 53(2): 17-21. DeVay, J.E. 1990. Historical review and principles of soil solarization. In: DeVay, J.E., Stapleton, J.J., and C.L. Elmore (eds.), Soil Solarization. United Nations, Rome. Elmore, C.L. 1990. Use of solarization for weed control. In: DeVay, J.E., Stapleton, J.J., and C.L. Elmore (eds.), Soil Solarization. United Nations, Rome. Grinstein, A. and A. Hetzroni. 1991. The technology of soil solarization. In J. Katan and J.E. DeVay (eds.) Soil Solarization. CRC Publications, Boca Raton: 159-170. Hanson, E. 1996. Tools and techniques. Chapter 3 in Invasive plants. J. M. Randall and M. Marinelli, eds. Handbook #149. Brooklyn Botanical Garden, Inc., Brooklyn, New York. 111 pgs. Katan, J., Grinstein, A., Greenberger, A., Yarden, O. and J.E. DeVay. 1987. First decade (1976-1986) of soil solarization (solar heating)-A chronological bibliography. Phytoparasitica 15:229-255. Pickart, A.J. and J.O. Sawyer. 1998. Ecology and restoration of Northern California coastal dunes. California Native Plant Society. Sacramento, CA. 152 pgs. Stapleton, J.J. 1990. Thermal inactivation of crop pests and pathogens and other soil changes caused by solarization. In: DeVay, J.E., Stapleton, J.J., and C.L. Elmore (eds.), Soil Solarization. United Nations, Rome. Date Authored: April 2001 Weed Control Methods Handbook, The Nature Conservancy, Tu et al.
Grazing 2.1 Chapter 2 – GRAZING Grazing can either promote or reduce weed abundance at a particular site. By itself, grazing will rarely, if ever, completely eradicate invasive plants. However, when grazing treatments are combined with other control techniques, such as herbicides or biocontrol, severe infestations can be reduced and small infestations may be eliminated. Grazing animals may be particularly useful in areas where herbicides cannot be applied (e.g., near water) or are prohibitively expensive (e.g., large infestations). Animals can also be used as part of a restoration program by breaking up the soil and incorporating in seeds of desirable native plants. When not properly controlled, however, grazing or other actions of grazing animals (wallowing, pawing up soil) can cause significant damage to a system, and promote the spread and survival of invasive weeds. Overgrazing can reduce native plant cover, disturb soils, weaken native communities, and allow exotic weeds to invade. In addition, animals that are moved from pasture to pasture can spread invasive plant seeds. In general, the specific weed and desirable native plants will determine the number and species of animal grazers and the duration and frequency of grazing. A grazing plan should be developed in situations where prescribed grazing is desirable, and this plan must be tailored to fit the specifics of the site. ANIMAL CHOICE Cattle, goats, sheep, and even geese may be used to control weeds. Cattle will graze invasive grasses, can trample inedible weed species, and can incorporate native seeds into soil. Horses can also be used to control invasive grasses, but horses tend to be more selective than cattle. Geese are also useful for the control of invasive grasses, but are more subject to predation than other animals. Predation problems in many areas may dictate the type of grazing animals that can be used. Sheep and goats prefer broadleaf herbs and have been used to control leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula), Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens), and toadflax (Linaria spp.). These animals appear to be able to neutralize the phytochemicals toxic to other animals that are present in these and other forbs (Walker 1994). Goats can control woody species because they can climb and stand on their hind legs, and will browse on vegetation other animals cannot reach (Walker 1994). Goats additionally, tend to eat a greater variety of plants than sheep. Sheep can be useful in the control of spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), kudzu (Pueraria lobata), and oxeye daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) (Olson and Lacey 1994). Sheep are not recommended for the control of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) or senecio (Senecio spp.) as these plants can be toxic. Weed Control Methods Handbook, The Nature Conservancy, Tu et al.
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Guidelines for Herbicide Use 5.14 S
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Guidelines for Herbicide Use 5.16 C
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Guidelines for Herbicide Use 5.18 I
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Herbicide Properties 6.2 Some of th
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Herbicide Properties 6.4 Imazapyr,
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Herbicide Properties 6.6 Adjuvants
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Herbicide Properties 6.8 to soil pa
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Herbicide Properties 6.10 may provi
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Herbicide Properties 6.12 LD50s det
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Herbicide Properties Herbicide 2,4
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Degradation Mechanism Toxicity & [E
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2,4-D 7a.1 2,4-D Herbicide Basics C
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2,4-D 7a.3 also stimulate RNA, DNA,
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2,4-D 7a.5 Half-lives are short, ra
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2,4-D 7a.7 2,4-D can accumulate in
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2,4-D 7a.9 Han, S. O. and P. B. New
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Clopyralid 7b.1 M. Tu, C. Hurd, R.
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Clopyralid 7b.3 Summary: In soil an
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Clopyralid 7b.5 et al. (1997) concl
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Fluazifop-p-butyl 7c.1 FLUAZIFOP-P-
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Fluazifop-p-butyl 7c.3 The cells th
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Fluazifop-p-butyl 7c.5 Application
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Fosamine 7d.1 FOSAMINE AMMONIUM Her
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Fosamine 7d.3 Microbial Degradation
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Fosamine 7d.5 According to Barring
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Glyphosate 7e.1 M. Tu, C. Hurd, R.
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Glyphosate 7e.3 Mode of Action: Gly
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Glyphosate 7e.5 Because glyphosate
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Glyphosate 7e.7 Application Conside
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Glyphosate 7e.9 Roberts, R.O. and S
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Hexazinone 7f.1 HEXAZINONE Herbicid
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Hexazinone 7f.3 Volatilization Hexa
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Hexazinone 7f.5 Mayack et al. (1982
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Hexazinone 7f.7 If chronic exposure
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Hexazinone 7f.9 Lavy, T. L., J. D.
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Imazapic 7g.1 IMAZAPIC Herbicide Ba
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Imazapic 7g.3 application. They hav
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Imazapic 7g.5 studies do not indica
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Imazapic 7g.7 Beran, D.D., Masters,
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Imazapyr 7h.2 Herbicide Details Che
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Imazapyr 7h.4 adsorption of imazapy
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Imazapyr 7h.6 apply imazapyr direct
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Picloram 7i.1 PICLORAM Herbicide Ba
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Picloram 7i.3 western Minnesota. It
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Picloram 7i.5 al. 1967; Jotcham et
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Picloram 7i.7 Safety Measures: Picl
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Picloram 7i.9 Meikle, R. W., E. A.
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Sethoxydim 7j.2 Herbicide Details C
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Sethoxydim 7j.4 Water In water, set
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Triclopyr 7k.1 M. Tu, C. Hurd, R. R
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Triclopyr 7k.3 coordination. Low co
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Triclopyr 7k.5 Water In water, the
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Triclopyr 7k.7 Application Consider
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Adjuvants 8.1 M. Tu & J.M. Randall
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Adjuvants 8.3 how certain adjuvants
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Adjuvants 8.5 How to choose an adju
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Adjuvants 8.7 REGULATION OF ADJUVAN
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Adjuvants 8.9 1999; Kirkwood 1994).
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Adjuvants 8.11 Box 6: Hydrophilic-L
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Adjuvants 8.13 Petroleum oils Petro
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Adjuvants 8.15 Foaming agents also
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Adjuvants 8.17 polyethylene glycol,
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Adjuvants 8.19 Bob Brenton and Rob
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Adjuvants 8.21 CONTACTS Pat Bily, I
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Adjuvants 8.23 Q: Can I use food co
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Adjuvants 8.25 Roggenbuck, F.S., Pe
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PVC Applicator Appendix 1.2 The spo
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Spot-Burning Appendix 2.2 Ignition:
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Spot-Burning Appendix 2.4 possible
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Pesticide Label Appendix 3.2 Sample
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Pesticide Label Appendix 3.4 7. Sig
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Pesticide Regulation Appendix 4.2 A
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State Pesticide Regulatory Agencies
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