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Weed Control Methods Handbook: Tools and Techniques for Use in Natural Areas Mandy Tu, Callie Hurd, and John M. Randall Table of Contents Title Page & Table of Contents Introduction Chapter 1 – Manual & Mechanical Techniques Chapter 2 – Grazing Chapter 3 – Prescribed Fire Chapter 4 – Biological Control Chapter 5 – Guidelines for Herbicide Use Chapter 6 – Herbicide Properties Chapter 7 – The Herbicides: Herbicide Table 09.HerbicideTable.xls a) 2,4-D 10.24-D.doc b) Clopyralid 11.Clopyralid.doc c) Fluazifop-p-butyl 12.Fluazifop.doc d) Fosamine Ammonium 13.Fosamine.doc e) Glyphosate 14.Glyphosate.doc f) Hexazinone 15.Hexazinone.doc g) Imazapic 16.Imazapic.doc h) Imazapyr 17.Imazapyr.doc i) Picloram 18.Picloram.doc j) Sethoxydim 19.Sethoxydim.doc File Name 01.TitleContents.doc 02.Introduction.doc 03.ManualMechanical.doc 04.Grazing.doc 05.PrescribedFire.doc 06.BiologicalControl.doc 07.HerbicideGuidelines.doc 08.HerbicideProperties.doc k) Triclopyr 20.Triclopyr.doc Chapter 8 – Adjuvants 21.Adjuvants.doc Appendix 1 – PVC Applicator Appendix 2 – Spot-burning Appendix 3 – How to read a pesticide label Appendix 4 – How pesticides are regulated in the U.S. Appendix 5 – List of Personal Contacts Appendix 6 – List of State Regulatory Agencies 22.PVCapplicator.doc 23.Spotburn.doc 24.PesticideLabel.doc 25.PestRegulation.doc 26.Contacts.doc 27.StateAgencies.doc Note: This manual is periodically revised, expanded, and improved. If you have any comments or questions please contact TNC’s Wildland Invasive Species Team: Barry Rice bamrice@ucdavis.edu or 530-754-8891 Mandy Tu imtu@tnc.org or 503-230-1221 Tu, M., Hurd, C. & J.M. Randall. 2001. Weed Control Methods Handbook, The Nature Conservancy, http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu, version: April 2001
Introduction Intro.1 INTRODUCTION Invasive non-native plants are a serious threat to native species, communities, and ecosystems in many areas around the world. They can compete with and displace native plants, animals, and other organisms that depend on them, alter ecosystem functions and cycles significantly, hybridize with native species, and promote other invaders. The good news is that many plant invasions can be reversed, halted or slowed, and in certain situations, even badly infested areas can be restored to healthy systems dominated by native species. In most instances this requires taking action to control and manage those invasive plants. This handbook provides you with detailed information about the tools and techniques available for controlling invasive plants, or weeds, in natural areas. Whenever possible, language familiar to natural area managers is used, and unfamiliar terms and jargon borrowed from other fields are defined. Before embarking on a weed management program, it is important to develop a straightforward rationale for the actions you plan to take. We believe this is best accomplished using an adaptive management approach as follows (see Figure 1): (1) establish management goals and objectives for the site; (2) determine which plant species or populations, if any, block or have potential to block attainment of the management goals and objectives; (3) determine which methods are available to control the weed(s); (4) develop and implement a management plan designed to move conditions toward management goals and objectives; (5) monitor and assess the impacts of management actions in terms of their effectiveness in moving conditions toward these goals and objectives; and (6) reevaluate, modify, and start the cycle again. Note that control activities are not begun until the first three steps have been taken. A weed control program is best viewed as part of an overall restoration program, so focus on what you want in place of the weed, rather than simply eliminating the weed. When selecting control methods, keep in mind that the ultimate purpose of the work is to preserve native species, communities, and/or functioning ecosystems. 1. Establish conservation targets and goals Figure 1. Adaptive Weed Management Approach 6. Review and modify 5. Monitor and assess impact of management actions 2. Identify and prioritize species/infestations that threaten targets and goals 3. Assess control techniques 4. Develop and implement weed management plan Weed Control Methods Handbook, The Nature Conservancy, Tu et al.
Page 1: Weed Control Methods Handbook: Tool
Page 5 and 6: Introduction Intro.3 Information on
Page 7 and 8: Manual & Mechanical Techniques 1.2
Page 13 and 14: Grazing 2.1 Chapter 2 - GRAZING Gra
Page 15 and 16: Grazing 2.3 Grazing will often resu
Page 17 and 18: Grazing 2.5 from being grazed. Beca
Page 19 and 20: Prescribed Fire 3.1 Chapter 3 - PRE
Page 21 and 22: Prescribed Fire 3.3 the professiona
Page 23 and 24: Prescribed Fire 3.5 OTHER CONSIDERA
Page 25 and 26: Prescribed Fire 3.7 Scientific Name
Page 27 and 28: Prescribed Fire 3.9 Mauer, T. 1985.
Page 29 and 30: Biological Control 4.2 biocontrol p
Page 31 and 32: Biological Control 4.4 Galerucella
Page 33 and 34: Biological Control 4.6 may pose to
Page 35 and 36: Biological Control 4.8 Table 1a (co
Page 37 and 38: Biological Control 4.10 Excellent u
Page 39 and 40: Biological Control 4.12 TNC POLICIE
Page 41 and 42: Biological Control 4.14 Obtaining a
Page 43 and 44: Biological Control 4.16 establish o
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Page 49 and 50: Biological Control 4.22 McEvoy, P.B
Page 51 and 52: Biological Control 4.24 Wymore, L.A
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Guidelines for Herbicide Use 5.2 3.
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Guidelines for Herbicide Use 5.4 HE
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Guidelines for Herbicide Use 5.6 PE
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Guidelines for Herbicide Use 5.8 He
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Guidelines for Herbicide Use 5.10 c
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Guidelines for Herbicide Use 5.12 3
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Guidelines for Herbicide Use 5.14 S
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Guidelines for Herbicide Use 5.16 C
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Guidelines for Herbicide Use 5.18 I
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Herbicide Properties 6.2 Some of th
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Herbicide Properties 6.4 Imazapyr,
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Herbicide Properties 6.6 Adjuvants
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Herbicide Properties 6.8 to soil pa
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Herbicide Properties 6.10 may provi
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Herbicide Properties 6.12 LD50s det
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Herbicide Properties Herbicide 2,4
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Degradation Mechanism Toxicity & [E
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2,4-D 7a.1 2,4-D Herbicide Basics C
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2,4-D 7a.3 also stimulate RNA, DNA,
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2,4-D 7a.5 Half-lives are short, ra
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2,4-D 7a.7 2,4-D can accumulate in
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2,4-D 7a.9 Han, S. O. and P. B. New
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Clopyralid 7b.1 M. Tu, C. Hurd, R.
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Clopyralid 7b.3 Summary: In soil an
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Clopyralid 7b.5 et al. (1997) concl
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Fluazifop-p-butyl 7c.1 FLUAZIFOP-P-
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Fluazifop-p-butyl 7c.3 The cells th
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Fluazifop-p-butyl 7c.5 Application
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Fosamine 7d.1 FOSAMINE AMMONIUM Her
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Fosamine 7d.3 Microbial Degradation
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Fosamine 7d.5 According to Barring
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Glyphosate 7e.1 M. Tu, C. Hurd, R.
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Glyphosate 7e.3 Mode of Action: Gly
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Glyphosate 7e.5 Because glyphosate
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Glyphosate 7e.7 Application Conside
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Glyphosate 7e.9 Roberts, R.O. and S
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Hexazinone 7f.1 HEXAZINONE Herbicid
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Hexazinone 7f.3 Volatilization Hexa
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Hexazinone 7f.5 Mayack et al. (1982
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Hexazinone 7f.7 If chronic exposure
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Hexazinone 7f.9 Lavy, T. L., J. D.
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Imazapic 7g.1 IMAZAPIC Herbicide Ba
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Imazapic 7g.3 application. They hav
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Imazapic 7g.5 studies do not indica
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Imazapic 7g.7 Beran, D.D., Masters,
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Imazapyr 7h.2 Herbicide Details Che
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Imazapyr 7h.4 adsorption of imazapy
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Imazapyr 7h.6 apply imazapyr direct
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Picloram 7i.1 PICLORAM Herbicide Ba
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Picloram 7i.3 western Minnesota. It
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Picloram 7i.5 al. 1967; Jotcham et
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Picloram 7i.7 Safety Measures: Picl
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Picloram 7i.9 Meikle, R. W., E. A.
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Sethoxydim 7j.2 Herbicide Details C
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Sethoxydim 7j.4 Water In water, set
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Triclopyr 7k.1 M. Tu, C. Hurd, R. R
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Triclopyr 7k.3 coordination. Low co
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Triclopyr 7k.5 Water In water, the
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Triclopyr 7k.7 Application Consider
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Adjuvants 8.1 M. Tu & J.M. Randall
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Adjuvants 8.3 how certain adjuvants
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Adjuvants 8.5 How to choose an adju
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Adjuvants 8.7 REGULATION OF ADJUVAN
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Adjuvants 8.9 1999; Kirkwood 1994).
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Adjuvants 8.11 Box 6: Hydrophilic-L
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Adjuvants 8.13 Petroleum oils Petro
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Adjuvants 8.15 Foaming agents also
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Adjuvants 8.17 polyethylene glycol,
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Adjuvants 8.19 Bob Brenton and Rob
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Adjuvants 8.21 CONTACTS Pat Bily, I
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Adjuvants 8.23 Q: Can I use food co
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Adjuvants 8.25 Roggenbuck, F.S., Pe
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PVC Applicator Appendix 1.2 The spo
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Spot-Burning Appendix 2.2 Ignition:
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Spot-Burning Appendix 2.4 possible
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Pesticide Label Appendix 3.2 Sample
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Pesticide Label Appendix 3.4 7. Sig
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Pesticide Regulation Appendix 4.2 A
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State Pesticide Regulatory Agencies
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