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Adjuvants 8.22 Q: Are adjuvants necessary for good control results? Adjuvants are necessary for best control results in most herbicide applications. Some brands of herbicide already include adjuvants and no others are needed. Q: If adding adjuvants or surfactants at labeled rates can lead to increased rates of control efficacy…should I add more to get even better performance? No! Do not add any more adjuvant than amounts specified on the label. Adding more adjuvant may lead to antagonistic effects between the adjuvant and the herbicide, rendering the mix useless. Using adjuvants above label rates may also cause unwanted damage to non-target plants, soils, and to surface or groundwater sources. Q: Where do I find relevant information about herbicide and adjuvant compatibility? The herbicide label or MSDS will specify the best type of adjuvant to use with that herbicide. It will also specify whether that herbicide can be mixed with any other herbicides and which ones. Q: Are surfactants ok to use in wetland or aquatic situations? Some surfactants (such as those included in RoundUp ® ) are toxic to fish, shellfish, and/or other aquatic invertebrates. When applying herbicides to areas over or adjacent to water (including wetlands), be sure to use only those herbicides and surfactants (and other adjuvants) specifically approved for aquatic use. In general, adjuvants (particularly surfactants) will not improve herbicide effectiveness against submerged aquatic weeds, but they may be important for use on emergent aquatic and riparian plants. Q: Are surfactants necessary in cut-stump applications? It is probably not necessary to use a surfactant in most cut-stump applications. This may be, in part, because there is no waxy cuticle layer on a cut stump.. Jack McGowan-Stinski (TNC- Michigan) has had success using herbicides without surfactant (e.g., Rodeo ® instead of RoundUp ® ) and stresses the importance of applying the herbicide to the stump a short time after it is cut; best if no more than 5 minutes. Jonathan Soll (TNC-Oregon) notes that whether you need to add a surfactant depends on what you are trying to kill. In most cases, a general nonionic surfactant will suffice if the herbicide beads-up on the surface of the stem. If the cut stumps of the plant you are treating exude an oily substance, use an oil-type of surfactant for good control. Q: Is it OK to add impure water into the tank mix? Can I use pond water, salt water, or water from a well for making the tank mix? Wherever possible, use pure, clean, moderate-temperature water in your tank mix. Pond water may contain soil particles that may adsorb to and render some herbicides or adjuvants useless, and water that is too cold may cause the herbicide to precipitate out of solution. Good quality well water may be used, but if it contains high concentrations of ions (hard water - calcium, magnesium, etc.) or salts, try to find purer water (unless a buffering adjuvant is also used). Well water can be tested locally for impurities. Do not use salt water because the salts and ions it contains may create antagonistic effects with the herbicide, the adjuvants, or both, rendering the mix worthless. Weed Control Methods Handbook, The Nature Conservancy, Tu et al.
Adjuvants 8.23 Q: Can I use food coloring instead of a registered dye? No! Food colorings are not registered for use with herbicides, and therefore should not be used as a dye in herbicide mixes. Q: Will the adjuvant decrease in effectiveness if I don’t use it up right away? In general, if adjuvants (as well as most herbicides) are stored under appropriate conditions (as specified on the label), they are relatively stable compounds and can be stored and used successfully for some time. For instance, the herbicide hexazinone is stable for at least two years, and glyphosate can be stored for at least five years. Most adjuvants do not include shelflife information on the label, but may have use-by dates on the container. REFERENCES Bayer, D.E. and C.L. Foy. 1982. Action and fate of adjuvants in soils. In: Adjuvants for Herbicides, WSSA, Champaign, IL. Pp. 84-92. Bergeron, V., Bonn, D., Martin, J.-Y. and L. Vovelle. 2000. Controlling droplet deposition with polymer additives. Nature 405: 772-775. Carroll, B. 2001. Selecting the right adjuvant. Helena Chemical Company’s Guide to Adjuvants. http://www.helenachemical.com/proprietary/products/adjuvants/introduction.htm# Coret, J., Bambonnet, B., Brabet, F. and A. Chamel. 1993. Diffusion of three ethoxylated octylphenols across isolated plant cuticles. Pesticide Science 38: 201-209. DiTomaso, J.M. 1999. Barriers to foliar penetration and uptake of herbicides. Proceedings of the California Weed Science Society 51: 150-155. Downer, R.A., Mack, R.E., Hall, R.F. and A.K. Underwood. 1998. RoundUp Ultra with drift management adjuvants. In: McMullan, P.M. (ed.) Adjuvants for Agrochemicals: Challenges and Opportunities. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Adjuvants for Agrochemicals, Chemical Producers Distributors Association, Memphis, TN. Pp. 468-474. DuPont. 2000. Guidelines to qualify adjuvant for use with DuPont row crop and cereal herbicides. DuPont Agricultural Bulletin H-87285. DuPont. 2001. 2001 Approved adjuvant list for use with DuPont row crop and cereal herbicides. DuPont Agricultural Bulletin H-91222. Folmar, L.C., H.O. Sanders, and A.M. Julin. 1979. Toxicity of the herbicide glyphosate and several of its formulations to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 8:269- 278. Gaskin, R.E. and P. Holloway. 1992. Some physicochemical factors influencing foliar uptake enhancement of glyphosate-mono(isopropylaminonium) by polyoxyethylene surfactants. Pesticide Science 34: 195-206. Gaskin, R.E. and P.J.G. Stevens. 1993. Antagonism of the foliar uptake of glyphosate into grasses by organosilicone surfactants. Pesticide Science 38: 185-200. Green, J.M. 2001. Herbicide adjuvants. In: UC Davis WRIC Weed Science School, September 26- 28, 2001, Woodland, CA. Green, J.M. 1992. Increasing efficiency with adjuvants and herbicide mixtures. Proceedings of the First International Weed Control Congress, Melbourne, AU. Pp. 187-192. Green, J.M. 2000. Adjuvant outlook for pesticides. Pesticide Outlook. October: 196-199 Green, J.M. and J.L. Hazen. 1998. Understanding and using adjuvants properties to enhance pesticide activity. In: McMullan, P.M. (ed.) Adjuvants for Agrochemicals: Challenges and Weed Control Methods Handbook, The Nature Conservancy, Tu et al.
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Weed Control Methods Handbook: Tool
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Introduction Intro.1 INTRODUCTION I
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Introduction Intro.3 Information on
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Manual & Mechanical Techniques 1.2
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Biological Control 4.2 biocontrol p
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Biological Control 4.4 Galerucella
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Herbicide Properties 6.2 Some of th
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Herbicide Properties 6.4 Imazapyr,
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Herbicide Properties 6.6 Adjuvants
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Herbicide Properties Herbicide 2,4
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Degradation Mechanism Toxicity & [E
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2,4-D 7a.1 2,4-D Herbicide Basics C
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Clopyralid 7b.1 M. Tu, C. Hurd, R.
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Clopyralid 7b.3 Summary: In soil an
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Fluazifop-p-butyl 7c.1 FLUAZIFOP-P-
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Fosamine 7d.1 FOSAMINE AMMONIUM Her
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Fosamine 7d.3 Microbial Degradation
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Fosamine 7d.5 According to Barring
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Glyphosate 7e.1 M. Tu, C. Hurd, R.
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Hexazinone 7f.1 HEXAZINONE Herbicid
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Hexazinone 7f.3 Volatilization Hexa
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Imazapic 7g.1 IMAZAPIC Herbicide Ba
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