Middle St. Johns - Florida Department of Environmental Protection

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36 Water Quality Assessment Report: Middle St. Johns Figure 2.3: Surface Water Resources of the Middle St. Johns Basin
Water Quality Assessment Report: Middle St. Johns 37 The St. Johns River throughout its length has a low gradient, averaging about 0.1 foot per mile (Campbell et al., 1993). Because of the low stream gradient, tidal reversal may occur as far upstream as Lake Monroe (DeMort, 1991), although this lake is well over 100 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. It is more typical for daily tidal reversals to occur as far up from the river mouth as Lake George (DeMort, 1991). The river receives ground water flow from several springs or spring-fed rivers. The most notable spring-fed river is the Wekiva River, which starts as a discharge from Wekiwa Springs and enters the St. Johns just north of Lake Monroe. Between Lake Monroe and Lake George, the St. Johns River receives flow from Blue, DeLeon, and Alexander Springs. Alexander Springs enters the St. Johns River at Lake Woodruff. Juniper, Silver Glen, and Salt Springs discharge to creeks along the western shore of Lake George. Croaker Hole Spring discharges through the riverbed into Little Lake George. Lake Monroe also receives flow from its tributaries, Bethel Creek and DeBary Drain. Between Lake Harney and Lake Monroe, the river is somewhat saline because of shallow marine salt deposits (DeMort, 1991). The discharge from many of the springs also contains a fairly high concentration of salts, producing a measurable salinity. The source of this salt is trapped relict seawater or deeper brackish water released by upwelling through fractures or faults in the aquifer (Toth, 1999). Salt is trapped in the aquifer most probably from incomplete flushing of saline water that entered the Florida aquifer during the last rise of sea level that covered Florida (Knochenmus and Hughes, 1976). Springs with high salt concentrations are Croaker Hole in the riverbed within Lake George; Salt, Silver Glen, Sweetwater, and Alexander Springs near Lake George; Gemini and Blue Springs north of Lake Monroe; and Ponce de Leon Spring near Lake Woodruff (Toth, 1999). Salinity in these areas is high enough to support blue crabs. Tributary Watersheds There are nine major tributary watersheds, including three drainage basins for the large lakes that are part of and include the main stem of the St. Johns River. These are the planning units for this basin. Tributary watersheds that are not part of the river’s main stem are, from south to north, the Econlockhatchee River, Lake Jesup, Deep Creek, Wekiva River, Lake Kerr, and Alexander Springs. Descriptions of the tributary watersheds were taken from the Middle St. Johns River Surface Water Improvement and Management (SWIM) Plan (SJRWMD, 2002) unless otherwise noted. The Alexander Springs watershed drains almost 100 square miles of largely undeveloped land. Other than isolated lakes, Alexander Springs Creek is the major stream in this watershed. It receives its discharge from Alexander Springs and several small tributaries that, along with the spring, form the headwaters. Alexander Springs Creek enters wetlands along the St. Johns River at Lake Woodruff. The Deep Creek watershed, which includes Lake Harney, is an aggregate of several smaller tributary watersheds that drain to the St. Johns River. The watershed drains 274 square miles.
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Middle St. Johns - Florida Department of Environmental Protection

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