Vol. 1(2) SEP 2011 - SAVAP International

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Academic Research International ISSN: 2223-9553 Volume 1, Issue 2, September 2011 2. Tayfur, Gokmen and Singh, Vijay P. (2011). Predicting Mean amd Bankfull Discharge from Channel Cross-Sectional Area by Expert and Regression Methods. Journal of Water Resource Manage (25) p. 1253-1267 3. Wilcox, Andrew C.; Wohl, Ellen E; Comiti, Francesco; and Mao, Luca. (2011), Hydraulics, morphology, and energy dissipation in an alpine step-poll channel. Atmosphere, Earth and Energy Division, Lawrence National Lab, PO Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551 4. Sultanjalili, Mohammadjafar; Bozorg, Omid; Haddad; and Mariiio, Miguel A. (2011) Effect of Breakage Level One in Design of Water Distribution Networks. Journal of Water Resource Manage (25): 311-337 5. Triadmojo (1995). Hidrolika Teknik. Andi offset. Yogyakarta 6. Holko, L. and A. Lepsito. 1997. Modelling the Hydrological Behaviour of Mountain Catchment Using TOPMODEL, Journal Hydrology 196: 361-377. 7. Cheng Yun; Cheng-Haw Lee; Yhi Chi Tan; and Hsin Fu Yeh, 2008. An Optimal Water Allocation For An Irrigation District In Pingtung Country, Taiwan. Published on line in Wiley Inter Science (www.interscience.wiley.com), DOI: 10.1002/ird.411) 8. Loucks, P, Daniel, 1982. Water Resources System Planning And Analysis, New Jersey: Prentice- Hall, 559 pages Copyright © 2011 SAVAP International www.savap.org.pk www.journals.savap.org.pk 109
Academic Research International ISSN: 2223-9553 Volume 1, Issue 2, September 2011 ROLE OF TOILET TYPE IN TRANSMISSION OF INFECTIONS Dr. Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad College of Art & Architecture Tarbiat Modares University I.R.IRAN mahdavinejad@modares.ac.ir Dr. Mohammadreza Bemanian College of Art & Architecture Tarbiat Modares University I.R.IRAN bemanian@modares.ac.ir Saeed Farmahin Farahani Tarbiat Modares University I.R.IRAN sfarahani@modares.ac.ir Dr. Ali Tajik Tehran University I.R.IRAN dralitajik@yahoo.com ABSTRACT Context: There are two types of toilets including the dry toilet and the wet toilet and the most common type of toilet is the flush toilet that is a wet toilet. Some people due to some cultural and religious matters are less likely to use these toilets and usually use the squat toilets. Finding some scientific documentation would result in a better judgment about the best toilet. Aims: This study was conducted to obtain definite results about the role of toilet type in transmission of infections. Settings and Design: Home Toilets, Cross-sectional study Methods and Materials: Forty toilets including 20 sitting and 20 squat toilets were selected and the frequency of pathogenic germs and their types were determined and compared between two groups. All the toilets were white and it was one year passed from their manufacture. Statistical Analysis: The statistical analysis of data obtained from the toilets was performed using SPSS version 14.0 software using the Fisher and Chi-square tests. Results: The frequency and microorganisms was differed between two types of toilets and the sitting toilets had fewer microorganisms (P > 0.05). But the frequency of gastrointestinal and nongastrointestinal germs was not significantly differed between squat and sitting toilets (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Totally, according to our findings, it may be concluded that use of sitting toilets should be encouraged to reduce the rate of infection transmission and prevention of gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genital infectious diseases. Keywords: Toilet Type, Transmission, Infections INTRODUCTION The toilet is a system for the disposal of the body wastes [1]. There are two types of toilets including the dry toilet and the wet toilet and the most common type of toilet is the flush toilet that is a wet toilet [2]. In the other hand, there are two types of toilets including the sitting toilet and the squat toilet [3]. The most common type in western societies is the sitting toilet [3]. However, the squat toilets are extensively used by the majority of the world's population including Iran. Toilet facilities are an important tools integrated in gastrointestinal heath in general population especially in children with integration in fecal-oral transmission of diseases [4, 5]. Especially when not cleaned in a routine periodical manner these are a major source of microbial transmission and act as a hidden source for infections [6]. The ability to enforce the transmission of bacteria is relatively related to structure of toilets and those toilets more difficult to be washed and cleaned are more possible to help to transmission of infections [7]. Squat toilets are an example of this matter. These toilets that are extensively used in Iran are not deep enough and the infectious droplets may reflect to subjects’ bodies. Also these toilets have many inaccessible sites that may not be washed easily and these matters would result in a higher risk for infection transmission compared with sitting toilets [8, 9]. In the other hand the sitting toilets that are not routinely used in Iran, are more easily cleaned and Copyright © 2011 SAVAP International www.savap.org.pk www.journals.savap.org.pk 110
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Vol. 1(2) SEP 2011 - SAVAP International

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