Vol. 1(2) SEP 2011 - SAVAP International

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Academic Research International ISSN: 2223-9553 Volume 1, Issue 2, September 2011 additional strengthening of national and international restrictions on child labour Also many NGO’s have challenged the stereotype of child workers as helpless victims and the right of adults to speak for them while affirming their desire and need to be financially contributing members of their families (CWC, 2001). Despite the recent proliferation of more realistic approach to child labour and the increased inclusion of children voice in the debate the dominant paradigms explaining child labour fail to adequately consider either the complexity of the phenomenon’s causes or the health implications of its proposed abolition. Neoclassical economics driven poverty reduction approaches using the house hold as few unit of analysis fail o go beyond a conception of the housed hold as a economically rational entity they situate child labour decisions within a more complex web of inter house hold deception making and power relations, socio cultural norms, and political economic factors. So they view the health of child workers as a desegregated unit of analysis separates from there households in which they reside. Although a political economic analysis of child labour provide a more realistic picture of the landscape within which child labour occurs, it fails to adequate examine the complex survival calculus of house hold economic and labour decisions, does not include consideration of house hold allocation of resources, and in general does not give proper attention to the relationship between child labour and family health outcomes. “A medical anthropological conceptual frame work that has been proposed to overcome the limitations of individual level analysis of health outcomes is known as house hold production of health (HHPH). HHPH proposes that household harness its resources in combination with a range of available medical service to produce good health for house hold members. The HHPH frame work realistically situates the choice made within the constraints o a large political economic environment”(Mosely, 1994- Internet Article) In addition to the need to consider gender as an important variable influencing access to health-producing resources within households, research has demonstrated that the relationship between productive ability and resource entitlement also has special implications for the study of child labour. The information presented above illustrates why child labour may be plausibly viewed as a resource used in household health production as well as potentially one of a number of independent variables influencing inter household resource allocation. However, it is equally vital to look beyond the household level of social organization to identify community norms and practices concerning both work and children. To succeed in the short-term in removing children from the most hazardous forms of work will require culturally and geographically specific data concerning how communities classify particular types of work as being appropriate for different age groups, how they judge the degree of risk associated with each type of work, and how community social and economic resources can be mobilized for remediation campaigns and an examination of community norms influencing child labour practices must additionally consider community perceptions of human rights, specially the rights of children (Khan,1999) Also social scientist asserted that the implementation of human rights should have more easily operationalizeable norms and there should be flexibility of mechanism in implementation. More over the implementing mechanism should be culturally and geographically specific. Anthropologist Wilson say “local interoperation of human rights doctrine draw on personnel biographies, community histories, and on expression of power relations between interest groups their relation ship to formal, legal versions has to be discovered not assumed”(Wilson, 1997). Copyright © 2011 SAVAP International www.savap.org.pk www.journals.savap.org.pk 217
Academic Research International ISSN: 2223-9553 Volume 1, Issue 2, September 2011 As a global solution to eliminate child labor, development experts are now proposing a standard based on the sanctity of the nuclear family on the one hand and the school on the other as the only legitimate spaces for growing up. If this becomes a universal standard, there is a danger of negating the worth of often precious mechanisms for survival, and penalizing or even criminalizing the ways the poor bring up their children. This criminalization is made more malevolent as modern economies increasingly display their unwillingness to protect poor children from the adverse effects of neoliberal trade policies’.(Thomas Offit, website article) POLICY SUGGESTION Any new proposed research study should examine the health status of children, working in hazardous sectors within the broad context of house hold livelihood strategies. The major objectives of any such research study may be to explore whether working children’s contributions to house hold income differentially affect their access to health related resources and to find out and compare how a spectrum of work related dependent and independent variables are determined as impacting health of children working in hazardous industries. Also it must focus to reveal the perception and traditional practice of concerned households within a broader framework of community norms regarding childhood as inseparable part of a life phase, the human rights and rights of children. More over research should also adds to the general knowledge base of how community evaluates the risks associated with the children occupation, enlightenment crucial to promote global effort to immediately remove children from the most hazardous forms of work. Also any research needs to document ways in which universalistic conceptions of children rights can be operationalized within culturally divers setting. Conclusion While the study of child labour covers wide range of theoretical and geographic territory, India’s standing as the country with the world’s largest child workers population has made it the focus of a substantial proportion of the social science literature examining the issue’s economic, socio-cultural, and health aspects. Only little work, however, has entailed in-depth consideration of the comparative emic perspective of child workers, the parents of such workers, and members of the comminutes in which they reside. Any proposed research should contribute to filling that gap in our anthropological understanding of child labour in urban India. REFERENCES Ashok K, Srivastava (1998). Child Development: The Indian perspective, New Delhi, publication division, National Council at global computers. Boyden 1997. The elimination of child labour: Whose responsebility, , Sage publications New Delhi Burra N (1995). “Born to work: Child labour in India”, Oxford University Press. D’Souza A (1995). Children in India-critical issues in human development, New Delhi, Social Institute. Copyright © 2011 SAVAP International www.savap.org.pk www.journals.savap.org.pk 218
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Vol. 1(2) SEP 2011 - SAVAP International

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