Vol. 1(2) SEP 2011 - SAVAP International

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Academic Research International ISSN: 2223-9553 Volume 1, Issue 2, September 2011 that reproductive toxins may also induce hormonal alterations affecting other aspects of reproductive health such as menstrual cycle, ovulation and fertility. Attention is now shifting from concern for the pregnant woman and the fetus, to the entire spectrum of occupational health hazards among women and reproductive health of both genders (Laskin et al., 2007). While on other side Selevan et al. (2003) have mentioned that “The changing nature of the work and the work environment and the emerging technologies in reproductive biology and exposure assessment are leading us to rethink approaches to studying exposures and traditional reproductive health outcomes. It remains important to emphasize that the spectrum of reproductive health outcomes includes not only women childbearing potential but also all working women, all working men and all of their potential off spring. Clinical outcomes among workers should include sexual dysfunction, infertility, pregnancy loss, male: female sex ratios of pregnancies, aberrations (for example early menopause and andropause), and reproductive organ and endocrine-mediated neoplasm’s.” In Pakistan the situations for the working women are stressful men seclude them form the job sector and manipulate them by harassment and like activities. In addition to this there are also some issues like stress and encumber which directly influence the reproductive health of the women. In academic institutions like UoG, women are overburdened and having lengthy hours. Due to these issues it affects the reproductive health of the women. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To analyze the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents. 2. To find out the occupational risk factors of working women. 3. To find out the level of reproductive health of married women. 4. To find out the association of occupational risk factors and the reproductive health of working women. MATERIALS AND METHODS For present study 110 working women from University of Gujrat were selected through simple random sampling. Sampling frame was available and following formula (Yamane, 1967) was used to determine the appropriate sample size for the present study. N = 1 + N(e)2 152 = 1 + 152(0.05)2 = 110 A well structured questionnaire was administered by researchers which contained different parts like a) socio-economic characteristics of the respondents b) occupational risk factors of working married women and c) reproductive health of working women. Further, the data was analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. Percentages and statistical test (Kendall’s tau-b & c) was used to draw conclusions and test the hypothesis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1.1 reveals the age of the respondents. The data reveals that about 10.00 percent of the respondents were belonging to age group of 26-30 years, 30.90 percent of the respondents were Copyright © 2011 SAVAP International www.savap.org.pk www.journals.savap.org.pk 294
Academic Research International ISSN: 2223-9553 Volume 1, Issue 2, September 2011 belonging to age group of 31-35 years, 33.63 percent of the respondents were belonging to age group of 36-40, 10.90 percent of the respondents were belonging to 41-45 years, 8.18 percent of the respondents were belonging to age group of 46-50 years, while only 6.36 percents of the respondents were belonging to age group of 51 & above years. Table 1.2 depicted the family members of the respondents. According to the table majority of the respondents i.e. 65.45 percent had 4-6 family members. Education is one of the most important factors the influence the patterns of individuals directly or indirectly. It is proven by various researchers that educated person adopt innovation in the required field more easily as compared to an illiterate person. Table 3 indicated the educational attainment of the respondent. According to table No. 1.3, 80.0 percent respondents had masters and above. The main reason behind higher levels of the education of the respondents is that the entrance requirements in such organizations are higher qualification. Table 1.4 showed the family income of the respondents. According to the table 98.2 percent respondent’s family income was 25001 and above, while only 1.8 percent respondent’s family income was below 25000. Table 1.5 reflected the age of the respondents at marriage. According to the table 33.64 percent of the respondents belonged to the age group of 26-30 years at the time of their marriage, 23.64 percent of the respondents belonged to the age group of 31-35 at the time of their marriage, 27.27 percent of the respondents belonged to the age group of 21-25 at the time of their marriage, 9.09 percent had age group of 16-20, while only 6.36 percent of the respondents belonged to the age group of 36 & above. Family is the group of intimate peoples emotionally related either by blood, marriage, responsible for the reproduction and rearing of children, living together. It found in all societies that unite people in cooperative groups to oversee the bearing and raising of children (Macionis, 2006). For the present study there were found three types of families. Table 1.6 indicated the family structure of the respondents. According to the table majority i.e. 49.1 percent of the respondents were living in nuclear family system, while 45.5 percent respondents were living in joint family system and only 5.5 percent of the respondents were living in extended family system. Table showed that majority i.e. 49.1 percent of the respondents were living in nuclear family system because of rapid increase of change in living patterns and demands of the individuals. Table 1.7 showed the living status of the respondents. According to the table majority of the respondents i.e. 70.0 percent were living with their husband, while 18.2 percent respondents were living in University Residences and only 11.8 percent respondents were living with their parents. Table 2.1 reflected the age of respondents at the time of first pregnancy. According to the table 28.18 percent belonged to 25-29 age group at the time of first pregnancy, 25.45 percent of the respondents belonged to the age group of 30-34 age group, 18.18 percent of the respondents belonged to the age group of 35 & above, while 10.91 percent of the respondents had no pregnancy. Table 2.2 showed the health facilities provided by the University of Gujrat. According to this table 70.0 percent respondents were to some extent agree about the health facilities of the university and 7.3 percent of the respondents to great extent and 22.7 percent of the respondents were not at all agree about the health facilities of Gujrat University. It was concluded that majority of the respondents were to some extent agree about the conduciveness of health facilities for working women. Paul (1993) the ergonomic factors, including poor workplace design, tend to affect female reproductive outcomes, due to the physical and physiological changes that occur during pregnancy. A woman’s ability to work while pregnant will vary depending on her own individual characteristics and the nature of tasks. Women can continue to perform most tasks during pregnancy, some tasks such as standing and heavy lifting may no longer b advisable. The impact of ergonomic stressors will vary considerably depending on Copyright © 2011 SAVAP International www.savap.org.pk www.journals.savap.org.pk 295
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