Terrestrial Palaeoecology and Global Change

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Chapter 5. Tectonic factors of global changes 167 have been owing to juxtaposition of terrains from different latitudinal zones. However, this explanation does not hold for Primorye, where the early Neocomian flora was of a Tetori aspect, with Dictyozamites kawasakii and D. falcatus prominent among the bennettites, while the subsequent Aptian to Albian assemblages varied across the incipient Sikhote Alin Ranges. The lee side assemblages were rich in bennettites and brachyphyllous conifers representing open xeromorphic vegetation. Those of the see-facing slope were of a conifer rainforest type fringed by the coastal fern marshes. Coal accumulation was much thicker in the foredeep than in the inland basins, with resinites characteristic of the latter. The late Albian redbeds are also confined to the inner zone. Thus, both the vegetational and sedimentary features indicate rain shadow over the lee side of the coastal ranges. In the early Neocomian, the rain shadow covered the inner zone of Japan as well as the eastern Primorye. Uplifts that cast this shadow might have developed over the midline fault zone of Japanese Islands that were then part of the continent. A radical change has occurred since the Late Neocomian tectonism, a major thrusting phase of Pacific margin. The Permian to Jurassic reefal limestones and cherts were emplaced over the axial fault zone of the incipient Sikhote Aline ranges (Krassilov & Parnyakov, 1987; Kemkin & Filippov., 2001). The overethrusts might have been rooted in the uplifted landmass east of Primorye, including the Yamato Rise (emergent in the Cretaceous, with Classopollis pollen assemblages coming from an inner zone vegetation: Markevich, 1994) and the cratonic foreland of Honshu. Before the thrusting event, the rain shadow over eastern Primorye was conceivably cast by this landmass. It was removed with a displacement of the Yamato – Honshu landmass over the NNE striking dextral strike-slip fault system. A series of heterochronous pull-apart basins has developed in between, with a stepwise oroclinal bend of Japan arc commencing in the Early Cretaceous, 120 Ma (Uyeda & Miyashiro, 1974) and intermittently continuing until the Miocene (Ito, 2001). Rainforest and wetlands spread over the coastal plains of the arising backarc basin, while the rain shadow was displaced to the inland basins west of the rising orogenic structure over the Neocomian overthrusts (Fig. 75). V.9.2. Land connections and gateways Floristic similarity is evidence of a nascent or recent land connection. The Angarian lepidophytes occur in the Carboniferous of Brooks Range, Alaska (Thomas & Spicer, 1986). The Cathaysian elements are found in the Permian flora of western North America (IV.3). The Cretaceous – Palaeocene floras of eastern Asia and western North America share virtually all their dominant species of conifers and angiosperms, both terrestrial and aquatic (Taxodium olrikii, Metasequoia occidentalis, Trochodendroides arctica, Nordenskioldia borealis, Platanites raynoldsii, Viburniphyllum finale, Limnobiophyllum scutatum, Quereuxia angulata, etc., see Krassilov, 1976a, 1979; Tiffney, 1985; Manchester, 1999). These floristic data confirm at least intermittent trans-
168 Valentin A. Krassilov. Terrestrial Palaeoecology Fig. 75. Differentiation of the Early Cretaceous vegetation in South Primorye and Japan (the Japanese localities after Kimura, 1961): fossil plant localities of the inner and outer zones in the Berriasian-Valanginian (filled and open circles, respectively) and in the Barremian-Albian (triangles), showing a displacement of vegetation zones after the initial opening of the Japan Sea basin. Fig. 76. Possible intercontinental links over tectonic arc and ridge systems : (A) Azores Plateau, (BS) Bering Shelf Arc, (GA) Gibraltar Arc, (MB) Macquarie-Balleny Arc, (MT) Madeira – Tore Rise, (NA) Nicoya Arc, (NR) Southeastern Newfoundland Ridge, (PA) Patagonian – Antarctic Arc, (PC) Papua – New Caledonia Arc, (RG) Rio Grande Rise, (SP) São Paulo Plateau, (S-F) Scoresby – Faeroe Ridge, (SS) Sunda Shelf, (T) Tasmantis, (WR) Walvis Ridge. Beringian land connections over most of the Phanerozoic times. They obviously contradict the continental reassemblies in which northeastern Asia is widely separated from northwestern North America (e.g., Scotese, 1984, 1991; Scotese & McKerrow, 1990). Yet land bridges (Fig. 76) are prominent in the history of terrestrial biota not only as routes of terrestrial migrations, but also due to their far-reaching effects on climate and
Page 1 and 2:
R U S S I A N A C A D E M I C M O N
Page 3 and 4:
ii Valentin A. Krassilov. Terrestri
Page 5 and 6:
iv Valentin A. Krassilov. Terrestri
Page 7 and 8:
vi Valentin A. Krassilov. Terrestri
Page 9 and 10:
viii Valentin A. Krassilov. Terrest
Page 11 and 12:
x Valentin A. Krassilov. Terrestria
Page 13 and 14:
xii Valentin A. Krassilov. Terrestr
Page 15 and 16:
xiv Valentin A. Krassilov. Terrestr
Page 17 and 18:
xvi Valentin A. Krassilov. Terrestr
Page 19 and 20:
2 Valentin A. Krassilov. Terrestria
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
10 Valentin A. Krassilov. Terrestri
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
100 Valentin A. Krassilov. Terrestr
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134: 116 Valentin A. Krassilov. Terrestr
Page 183: 166 Valentin A. Krassilov. Terrestr
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Page 385 and 386:
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404:
Page 405 and 406:
Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
Page 429 and 430:
Page 431 and 432:
Page 433 and 434:
Page 435 and 436:
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Page 447 and 448:
Page 449 and 450:
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
Page 455 and 456:
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
Page 463 and 464:
Page 465 and 466:
Page 467 and 468:
Page 469 and 470:
Page 471 and 472:
Page 473 and 474:
Page 475 and 476:
Page 477 and 478:
Page 479 and 480:
Page 481:
show all

Terrestrial Palaeoecology and Global Change

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?