Terrestrial Palaeoecology and Global Change

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Valentin A. Krassilov. Terrestrial Palaeoecology and Global Change
VII.4. Displacements of zonal boundaries as evidence of long-term climate
change .............................................................................................................. 243
VII.4.1. Deciduous/evergreen zonal boundary through time ........................... 245
VII.4.2. Climatic interpretation ......................................................................... 246
VII.5. Early Tertiary climates and afforestation–deforestation cycles ................. 249
VII.6. Mid-latitude Tertiary cyclicity in eastern Asia ............................................ 254
VII.6.1. Succession of plant assemblages ........................................................ 255
VII.6.2. Four-phase climate change ................................................................. 262
VII.7. Summary of climate change ........................................................................ 265
VIII. ECOSYSTEM EVOLUTION ........................................................................... 267
VIII.1. Biotic communities as evolution units ........................................................ 269
VIII.1.1. Anticipation ........................................................................................ 269
VIII.1.2. Co-adaptation ..................................................................................... 271
VIII.1.3. Herbivory and plant evolution ............................................................ 273
VIII.1.4. Coenotic gene pool ............................................................................. 279
VIII.2. Biomass ...................................................................................................... 282
VIII.2.1. Biomass build-up and fluctuations ..................................................... 283
VIII.2.2. Biomass redistribution ........................................................................ 285
VIII.2.3. Assessment of Cretaceous terrestrial biomass ................................. 286
VIII.3. Diversity ..................................................................................................... 292
VIII.3.1. Diversity estimates ............................................................................. 292
VIII.3.2. Species richness and disparity ........................................................... 296
VIII.3.3. Arogenic communities ....................................................................... 298
VIII.3.4. Diversity and environmental stability ................................................. 304
VIII.3.5. Niche creating trend .......................................................................... 308
VIII.3.6. Diversity and niche overlap ............................................................... 309
VIII.3.7. Diversity and redundant density ........................................................ 311
VIII.3.8. Diversity evolution.............................................................................. 313
VIII.4. Sere as reiteration of ecosystem evolution ................................................ 316
VIII.5. Speciation cycles ........................................................................................ 317
VIII.6. Genetic assimilation .................................................................................... 320
VIII.7. Examples of palynomorphological evolution .............................................. 327