Terrestrial Palaeoecology and Global Change

Chapter 7. Climate change
257
Fig. 104. Schematic drawing of the Khoindjo (I) and Chekhovka (II) sections, Sakahalin, with fossil plant and
invertebrate localities. PK, P 3
P 2
, NP, N 12
N 11
, N 13
N 1
2
– the Cretaceous/Palaeogene, Palaeocene/Eocene,
Palaeogene/Neogene, Early/Middle Miocene and Middle/Late Miocene boundaries, respectively. CD, CH,
WH, WD – climate phases (explanations in the text).
(5) Coal beds, 15 m (Upper Member of the Lower Due Formation), with three
major coal seams separated by ferruginous shales yielding three successive assemblages:
(5a) Platanus–Aesculus–Platycarya, (5b) Alnus onorica–Populus
celastrophylla, and (5c) Metasequoia–Zelkova ungeri–Trochodendroides.
(6) Marine black shales (Gennoishi Formation) with sanidine crystals (Gennoishi of Japanese
researchers), containing Oligocene invertebrate assemblages, about 80 m.
(7) Basalts with pillow structures, tuffs (Khoinjo Formation), about 60 m, overlain
by the coarse-grained tuffaceous sandstones, 3m.
(8) Black shales with conglomerate interbeds, 25 m, containing the Picea–Betula–
Ulmus protojaponica arboreal assemblage and grass remains. This is either
included in the Khoindjo Formation or considered as the basal member of the
Upper Due Formation above.
(9) Sandstone/shale alternation, about 80 m, with thin coal beds and with seven successive
plant-bearing horizons of the Acer–Ulmus–Carya broadleaved assemblage.
(10) Ferruginous sandstones and shales, 12 m, with the Quercus furuhjelmii–Castanea
miomollissima assemblage.
(11) Coal beds, more than 50 m, with brackish Corbicula shales above the uppermost
coal seam and with numerous floristic horizons containing the arboreal
Fagus antipovii–Acer–Byttneriophyllum and aquatic Nelumbo–Hemitrapa
assemblages.