Terrestrial Palaeoecology and Global Change

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Chapter 3. Palaeoecology 71 a d b Fig. 35. Seral succession in the latest Permian Talung Formation, Penlaitan Section, Laibin, Southern China: (a) pecopterid remains at the base of the regressive sequence above marine deposits, (b) Gigantonoclea guizhouensis, a dominant species of the next successional stage, (c) Gigantotheca, a fertile leaf of Gigantonoclea from the latest Permian of Fujian (courtesy of Prof. Z. Yao), (d, e) a glossopterid leaf or cataphyll from the Gigantonoclea bed of Laibin. c e
72 Valentin A. Krassilov. Terrestrial Palaeoecology III.3.4. Facial modifications As the above examples imply, the catena is a universal structural pattern that can be, in principle, recognized in any terrerstrial sedimentary basin. Variation in catenic structures over space and time reflects environmental changes that affect both vegetational patterns and taphonomy. In principle, taphonomic changes are recurrent, whereas structural changes are directional. In practice, both types intermingle. A contribution from a distal source might increase inversely of the filtering effect of coastal vegetation. High tides of a rising sea, as over the present-day mud flats of North Sea shores, would have destroyed coastal vegetation, making inland contributions more evident. However, over the Caspian Sea fluctuations of the 1950’s to 1980’s, the coastal wetlands were reduced during regressive phases but recovered with a transgression– ponding of ground water reservoirs by the rising sea (Glazovski, 1990). Winter monsoons increase the contribution of air-borne particles from distal inland sources, whereas summer monsoons carry them up the maritime catenas. Their relative effects would change with fluctuations of sea surface temperature and other climatic variables. A climatically driven shift of altitudinal vegetation belts would either increase (sometimes dramatically, as in the case of upland–lowland shifts) or decrease (with an expansion of lowland vegetation upslope) the contribution of distal sources. To distinguish such taphonomic effects from evolutionary changes, we must compare vicarious catenas of different facies domains. Thus, deltaic catenas differ from estuarine catenas in the relative development of freshwater/saline marshland belts. At Kamenka (above), the delta fringe belt is represented by a Coniopteridion fern marsh, with Ptilophylletum as a rare edaphic variant. At the contemporaneous Peski locality, Moscow Region to the north, the clayey estuarine clays, pyritic, with compressed plant debris and dispersed cuticles, fill karst cavities of Carboniferous limestones. Here the Coniopteridion is lacking while the Ptilophylletum is a major source of plant compressions. The dominant species Ptilophyllum riparium is similar to P. pecten but with narrower leaves covered with peltate salt glands (Gordenko, 1999). It is joined by Otozamites and xeromorphic Nilssoniopteris (several species, with scattered or intercostal stomata) to represent a salt marsh or mangrove peatlands. In the Jurassic of Eurasia, the cycadophyte diversity decreases northward, yet this trend is countered by the facies. This type facies modifications of catenic sequences was common through the Late Palaeozoic and Triassic sequences where fern assemblages regularly alternated with either lepidophyte assemblages (successively dominated by Lepidodendron, Sigillaria, Vyatcheslavia and Pleuromeia) or pteridosperm–conifer assemblages. In the Permian to Triassic redbed sequences of Volga Basin, freshwater wetlands are represented by stems and megaspores of Vyatcheslavia and other lycopsids. Their antagonists are the xeromorphic peltasperms Phylladoderma, Tatarina and coniferoids, often preserved
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Terrestrial Palaeoecology and Global Change

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