Wireless Sensor Networks : Technology, Protocols, and Applications

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REFERENCES 91 to those sensors so that they could be mounted on military vehicles, creating a mobile battlefield sensor network. The expectation is that by the turn of the present decade, a bio smoke alarm detector will be ready for commercial deployment [3.9]. On the networking front, researchers are considering peer-to-peer network with multilevel security and quality-of-service guarantees, spanning terrestrial wireless, wireline, and satellite links. The underlying network architecture for a national sensor network has been studied at Oak Ridge National Labs. The aim is to use off-the-shelf technology as much as possible and to leverage existing infrastructure, such as the 30,000 cellular towers and 100,000 cellular base stations in the United States today. However, developing quality-of-service guarantees and multilevel security for a hybrid wired, wireless, and satellite network is a challenge [3.9]. Several pilot sensor network projects are being field tested, including systems developed by Los Alamos and UC–Berkeley researchers to safeguard crops. Trial sensor networks are also in place in Boston subways, at the San Francisco airport, and on the Miami docks. The Washington subway recently went operational with a chemical-sensor system developed by Sandia and Argonne National Laboratories in Chicago [3.9]. 3.6 CONCLUSION In this chapter we looked at basic sensor node technology along with a taxonomy of sensor types. Some current trends were also discussed. REFERENCES [3.1] D. Roman, ‘‘Scottish Universities Plan Speckled Computing Net,’’ EE Times, Oct. 27, 2003. [3.2] The Scientist and Engineer’s Guide to TinyOS Programming, University of California– Berkeley, http://tinyos.org. This book was developed as an open source, freely available manuscript on the TinyOS Documentation Project. [3.3] ‘‘Cougar: The Sensor Network Is the Database,’’ Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, http://www.cs.cornell.edu/database/cougar/. [3.4] ‘‘Smart Sensor Networks,’’ National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, http://w3.antd.nist.gov/wahn_ssn.shtml. [3.5] Sensors and Sensor Networks, Program Solicitation, NSF 03-512, Mar. 6, 2003, National Science Foundation, Directorate for Engineering, http://www.nsf.gov/cgibin/getpubgpg; also, NSF Publications Clearinghouse, pubs@nsf.gov. [3.6] J. M. Rabaey, M. J. Ammer, J. L. da Silva Jr., D. Patel, S. Roundy, ‘‘PicoRadio Supports Ad Hoc Ultra-low Power Wireless Networking,’’ Computer, July 2000; wireless sensor network research at the Berkeley Wireless Research Center, http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley. edu/Research/Pico_Radio/.
92 BASIC WIRELESS SENSOR TECHNOLOGY [3.7] J. M. Rabaey, ‘‘Ultra Low-Power Computation and Communication Enables Ambient Intelligence,’’ presented at the Smart Objects Conference, Grenoble, France, Apr. 2003. [3.8] Center for Embedded Networked Sensing, University of California–Los Angeles, http://www.cens.ucla.edu/portal/micro_nano_sensor_tech/. [3.9] R. Merritt, ‘‘Planned U.S. Sensor Network Targets Terror Threats,’’ EE Times, July 14, 2003.
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WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS Technology
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WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS Technology
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CONTENTS Preface xi About the Autho
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CONTENTS vii 5.4 MAC Protocols for
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CONTENTS ix 9.3 Traditional Network
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xii PREFACE text provides thorough
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xiv ABOUT THE AUTHORS communication
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1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF WIRE
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INTRODUCTION 3 in the wireless case
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INTRODUCTION 5 In this book we emph
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INTRODUCTION 7 and low-power-consum
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INTRODUCTION 9 1. The typical mode
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INTRODUCTION 11 Commercial applica
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BASIC OVERVIEW OF THE TECHNOLOGY 13
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REFERENCES 31 Standards As implied
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REFERENCES 33 [1.22] D. Minoli, W.
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REFERENCES 35 [1.58] S. Lindsey et
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REFERENCES 37 [1.89] J. M. Kahn et
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BACKGROUND 39 static routing over t
Page 60 and 61: BACKGROUND 41 The WNs have computat
Page 62 and 63: RANGE OF APPLICATIONS 43 TABLE 2.1
Page 68 and 69: RANGE OF APPLICATIONS 49 expect wit
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Page 90 and 91: REFERENCES 71 In aggregating system
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Page 94 and 95: 3 BASIC WIRELESS SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Page 96 and 97: SENSOR NODE TECHNOLOGY 77 2. Detect
Page 98 and 99: SENSOR NODE TECHNOLOGY 79 Hardware
Page 100 and 101: Figure 3.3 Some of the networking p
Page 102 and 103: Very small (10 1 mm 3 ) Ultrasmall
Page 104 and 105: WN OPERATING ENVIRONMENT 85 TABLE 3
Page 106 and 107: WN TRENDS 87 aggregated, fused, and
Page 108 and 109: WN TRENDS 89 TABLE 3.4 Partial List
Page 112 and 113: 4 WIRELESS TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY
Page 114 and 115: RADIO TECHNOLOGY PRIMER 95 Ionosphe
Page 116 and 117: RADIO TECHNOLOGY PRIMER 97 TABLE 4.
Page 118 and 119: RADIO TECHNOLOGY PRIMER 99 TABLE 4.
Page 120 and 121: RADIO TECHNOLOGY PRIMER 101 citizen
Page 122 and 123: AVAILABLE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES 103
Page 150 and 151: APPENDIX A: MODULATION BASICS 131 s
Page 152 and 153: APPENDIX A: MODULATION BASICS 133 T
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Page 158 and 159: REFERENCES 139 algorithm, although
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REFERENCES 141 [4.36] C. Berrou, A.
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BACKGROUND 143 therefore be shared
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FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 145 T
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FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 147 q
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FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 149 T
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FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 151 d
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FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 153 w
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FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 155 F
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FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 157 A
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MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs 159 A B C D
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MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs 161 multihop
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MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs 163 can be o
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MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs 165 of nodes
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SENSOR-MAC CASE STUDY 167 services
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SENSOR-MAC CASE STUDY 169 Nodes are
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SENSOR-MAC CASE STUDY 171 to secure
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IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN 173 Sender RT
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IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPANs STANDARD CAS
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REFERENCES 193 residing within 30 f
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REFERENCES 195 [5.25] K. Sohrabi, J
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6 ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SE
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DATA DISSEMINATION AND GATHERING 19
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ROUTING CHALLENGES AND DESIGN ISSUE
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ROUTING STRATEGIES IN WIRELESS SENS
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REFERENCES 225 first two faces and
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REFERENCES 227 International Confer
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7 TRANSPORT CONTROL PROTOCOLS FOR W
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TRADITIONAL TRANSPORT CONTROL PROTO
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TRADITIONAL TRANSPORT CONTROL PROTO
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TRANSPORT PROTOCOL DESIGN ISSUES 23
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EXAMPLES OF EXISTING TRANSPORT CONT
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EXAMPLES OF EXISTING TRANSPORT CONT
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PERFORMANCE OF TRANSPORT CONTROL PR
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PERFORMANCE OF TRANSPORT CONTROL PR
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REFERENCES 245 [7.2] Y. Sankarasubr
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WSN MIDDLEWARE PRINCIPLES 247 are v
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MIDDLEWARE ARCHITECTURE 249 TABLE 8
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MIDDLEWARE ARCHITECTURE 251 for pos
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EXISTING MIDDLEWARE 253 of sensor n
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EXISTING MIDDLEWARE 255 reasonable
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EXISTING MIDDLEWARE 257 tools and s
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REFERENCES 259 8.5 CONCLUSION In th
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REFERENCES 261 [8.24] S. Kim, S. H.
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TRADITIONAL NETWORK MANAGEMENT MODE
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NETWORK MANAGEMENT DESIGN ISSUES 26
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EXAMPLE OF MANAGEMENT ARCHITECTURE:
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OTHER ISSUES RELATED TO NETWORK MAN
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REFERENCES 271 [9.2] L. B. Ruiz, F.
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10 OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR WIRELESS S
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OPERATING SYSTEM DESIGN ISSUES 275
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EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS 277 c
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EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS 279 w
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REFERENCES 281 10.3.9 PicOS One pro
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11 PERFORMANCE AND TRAFFIC MANAGEME
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BACKGROUND 285 data relaying, and s
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WSN DESIGN ISSUES 287 WSNs Routing
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PERFORMANCE MODELING OF WSNs 289 du
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PERFORMANCE MODELING OF WSNs 291 an
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PERFORMANCE MODELING OF WSNs 293 Th
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CASE STUDY: SIMPLE COMPUTATION OF T
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REFERENCES 301 [11.12] I. Demirkol,
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304 INDEX Code-division multiple ac
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306 INDEX NEMS, 28 Network design,
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