Wireless Sensor Networks : Technology, Protocols, and Applications

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IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPANs STANDARD CASE STUDY 179 TABLE 5.2 Device Types in ZigBee Networks Logical Device Type Physical Device Type Coordinator Router End Device Full-function device Yes Yes Yes Reduced-function device No No Yes is equipped with the adequate resources and memory capacity to handle all the functionalities and features specified by the standard. It can therefore assume multiple network responsibilities. It can also communicate with any other network device. An RFD is a simple device that carries a reduced set of functionalities, for lower cost and complexity. It typically contains a physical interface to the wireless modem and executes the specified IEEE 802.15.4 MAC layer protocol. Furthermore, it can only associate and communicate with an FFD. Based on these physical device types, ZigBee defines a variety of logical device types. These logical devices are distinguished based on their physical capabilities and the role they play in the network deployed. Table 5.2 illustrates the possible combinations of device types that can be deployed in a ZigBee-enabled network. There are three categories of logical devices: 1. Network coordinator: an FFD device responsible for network establishment and control. The coordinator is responsible for choosing key parameters of the network configuration and for starting the network. It also stores information about the network and acts as the repository for security keys. 2. Router: an FFD device that supports the data routing functionality, including acting as an intermediate device to link different components of the network and forwarding message between remote devices across multihop paths. A router can communicate with other routers and end devices. 3. End devices: an RFD device that contains just enough functionality to communicate with its parent node: the network coordinator or a router. An end device does not have the capability to relay data messages to other end devices. Based on these logical devices types, a ZigBee wireless personal area network (PAN) can be organized in one of three possible topologies: a star, a mesh (peerto-peer), or a cluster tree. The three network configurations are illustrated in Figure 5.15. The star network topology supports a single coordinator, with up to 65,536 devices. In this topology configuration, one of the FFD-type devices assumes the role of network coordinator. All other devices act as end devices. The coordinator selected is responsible for initiating and maintaining the end devices on the network. Upon initiation, the end devices can only communicate with the coordinator. The mesh configuration allows path formation from any source device to any destination device, using tree and table-driven routing algorithms. The table-driven routing algorithm employs a simplified version of the on-demand distance vector routing (AODV) and Internet Engineering Task Force
180 MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS PAN Coordinator Full Function Device (FFD) Reduced Function Device (RFD) Star Topology Figure 5.15 Mesh Topology Network topologies. Cluster-Tree Topology (IETF) proposal for mobile ad hoc networking (MANET). In the mesh topology, the radio receivers of the coordinator and the routers must always be on. Cluster tree networks enable a peer-to-peer network to be formed with a minimum of routing overhead, using multihop routing. The topology is suitable for latency-tolerant applications. A cluster tree network is self-organized and supports network redundancy to achieve a high degree of fault resistance and self-repair. The cluster can be significantly large, comprising up to 255 clusters of up to 254 nodes each, for a total of 64,770 nodes. It may also span large physical areas. Any FFD can be a coordinator. Only one coordinator is selected for the PAN. The PAN coordinator forms the first cluster and assigns to it a cluster identity (CID) of value zero. Subsequent clusters are then formed with a designated cluster head for each cluster. Each PAN is uniquely identified by a 16-bit identifier. A PAN coordinator is the designated principal controller of the WPAN. Every network has exactly one PAN coordinator, selected from within all the coordinators of the network. A coordinator is a network device configured to support network functionalities and additional responsibilities, including: Managing a list of all associated network devices Exchanging data frames with network devices and a peer coordinator Allocating 16-bit short addresses to network devices (The short addresses, assigned on demand, are used by the associated devices in lieu of the 64-bit addresses for subsequent communications with the coordinator.) Generating beacon frames on a periodic basis (These frames are used to announce the PAN identifier, the list of outstanding frames, and other network and device parameters.) Superframe Structure The IEEE 802.15.4 MAC standard defines an optional superframe structure. It is initiated by the PAN coordinator. Furthermore, its format is decided by the coordinator. As Figure 5.16(a) shows, the superframe is bounded
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WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS Technology
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WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS Technology
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CONTENTS Preface xi About the Autho
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CONTENTS vii 5.4 MAC Protocols for
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CONTENTS ix 9.3 Traditional Network
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xii PREFACE text provides thorough
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xiv ABOUT THE AUTHORS communication
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1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF WIRE
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INTRODUCTION 3 in the wireless case
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INTRODUCTION 5 In this book we emph
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INTRODUCTION 7 and low-power-consum
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INTRODUCTION 9 1. The typical mode
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INTRODUCTION 11 Commercial applica
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BASIC OVERVIEW OF THE TECHNOLOGY 13
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REFERENCES 31 Standards As implied
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REFERENCES 33 [1.22] D. Minoli, W.
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REFERENCES 35 [1.58] S. Lindsey et
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REFERENCES 37 [1.89] J. M. Kahn et
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BACKGROUND 39 static routing over t
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BACKGROUND 41 The WNs have computat
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RANGE OF APPLICATIONS 43 TABLE 2.1
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RANGE OF APPLICATIONS 49 expect wit
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EXAMPLES OF CATEGORY 2 WSN APPLICAT
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ANOTHER TAXONOMY OF WSN TECHNOLOGY
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REFERENCES 71 In aggregating system
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REFERENCES 73 [2.25] ‘‘Short Di
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3 BASIC WIRELESS SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
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SENSOR NODE TECHNOLOGY 77 2. Detect
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SENSOR NODE TECHNOLOGY 79 Hardware
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Figure 3.3 Some of the networking p
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Very small (10 1 mm 3 ) Ultrasmall
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WN OPERATING ENVIRONMENT 85 TABLE 3
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WN TRENDS 87 aggregated, fused, and
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WN TRENDS 89 TABLE 3.4 Partial List
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REFERENCES 91 to those sensors so t
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4 WIRELESS TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY
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RADIO TECHNOLOGY PRIMER 95 Ionosphe
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RADIO TECHNOLOGY PRIMER 97 TABLE 4.
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RADIO TECHNOLOGY PRIMER 99 TABLE 4.
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RADIO TECHNOLOGY PRIMER 101 citizen
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AVAILABLE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES 103
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Page 148 and 149: AVAILABLE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES 129
Page 150 and 151: APPENDIX A: MODULATION BASICS 131 s
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Page 158 and 159: REFERENCES 139 algorithm, although
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Page 162 and 163: BACKGROUND 143 therefore be shared
Page 164 and 165: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 145 T
Page 166 and 167: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 147 q
Page 168 and 169: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 149 T
Page 170 and 171: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 151 d
Page 172 and 173: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 153 w
Page 174 and 175: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 155 F
Page 176 and 177: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 157 A
Page 178 and 179: MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs 159 A B C D
Page 180 and 181: MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs 161 multihop
Page 182 and 183: MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs 163 can be o
Page 184 and 185: MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs 165 of nodes
Page 186 and 187: SENSOR-MAC CASE STUDY 167 services
Page 188 and 189: SENSOR-MAC CASE STUDY 169 Nodes are
Page 190 and 191: SENSOR-MAC CASE STUDY 171 to secure
Page 192 and 193: IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN 173 Sender RT
Page 194 and 195: IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPANs STANDARD CAS
Page 212 and 213: REFERENCES 193 residing within 30 f
Page 214 and 215: REFERENCES 195 [5.25] K. Sohrabi, J
Page 216 and 217: 6 ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SE
Page 218 and 219: DATA DISSEMINATION AND GATHERING 19
Page 220 and 221: ROUTING CHALLENGES AND DESIGN ISSUE
Page 222 and 223: ROUTING STRATEGIES IN WIRELESS SENS
Page 244 and 245: REFERENCES 225 first two faces and
Page 246 and 247: REFERENCES 227 International Confer
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7 TRANSPORT CONTROL PROTOCOLS FOR W
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TRADITIONAL TRANSPORT CONTROL PROTO
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TRADITIONAL TRANSPORT CONTROL PROTO
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TRANSPORT PROTOCOL DESIGN ISSUES 23
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EXAMPLES OF EXISTING TRANSPORT CONT
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EXAMPLES OF EXISTING TRANSPORT CONT
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PERFORMANCE OF TRANSPORT CONTROL PR
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PERFORMANCE OF TRANSPORT CONTROL PR
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REFERENCES 245 [7.2] Y. Sankarasubr
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WSN MIDDLEWARE PRINCIPLES 247 are v
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MIDDLEWARE ARCHITECTURE 249 TABLE 8
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MIDDLEWARE ARCHITECTURE 251 for pos
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EXISTING MIDDLEWARE 253 of sensor n
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EXISTING MIDDLEWARE 255 reasonable
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EXISTING MIDDLEWARE 257 tools and s
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REFERENCES 259 8.5 CONCLUSION In th
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REFERENCES 261 [8.24] S. Kim, S. H.
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TRADITIONAL NETWORK MANAGEMENT MODE
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NETWORK MANAGEMENT DESIGN ISSUES 26
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EXAMPLE OF MANAGEMENT ARCHITECTURE:
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OTHER ISSUES RELATED TO NETWORK MAN
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REFERENCES 271 [9.2] L. B. Ruiz, F.
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10 OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR WIRELESS S
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OPERATING SYSTEM DESIGN ISSUES 275
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EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS 277 c
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EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS 279 w
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REFERENCES 281 10.3.9 PicOS One pro
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11 PERFORMANCE AND TRAFFIC MANAGEME
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BACKGROUND 285 data relaying, and s
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WSN DESIGN ISSUES 287 WSNs Routing
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PERFORMANCE MODELING OF WSNs 289 du
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PERFORMANCE MODELING OF WSNs 291 an
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PERFORMANCE MODELING OF WSNs 293 Th
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CASE STUDY: SIMPLE COMPUTATION OF T
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REFERENCES 301 [11.12] I. Demirkol,
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304 INDEX Code-division multiple ac
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306 INDEX NEMS, 28 Network design,
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