Wireless Sensor Networks : Technology, Protocols, and Applications

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IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPANs STANDARD CASE STUDY 175 TABLE 5.1 IEEE 80215.4 PHY Layer Main Parameters Parameter 2.4-GHz PHY 868/915-MHz PHY Sensitivity @ 1% PER 85 dBm 92 dBm Receiver maximum 20 dBm input level Adjacent channel 0 dB rejection Alternate channel 30 dB rejection Output power, lowest 3 dBm maximum Transmission modulation EMV < 35% for accuracy 1000 chips Number of channels 16 1/10 Channel spacing 5 MHz NA a /2 MHz Transmission rates Date rate 250 kbps 20/40 kbps Symbol rate 62.5 kilosymbols/sec 20/40 kilosymbols/sec Chip rate 2 megachips/sec 300/60 kilochips/sec Chip modulation O-QPSK with half-sine BPSK with raised pulse shaping (MKS) cosine pulse shaping RX-TX and TX-RX 12 symbols turnaround time a Single channel. (CCA). The PHY layer is also specified with a wide range of operational low-power features, including low-duty-cycle operations, strict power management, and low transmission overhead. These parameters are listed in Table 5.1. The MAC layer handles network association and disassociation. It also regulates access to the medium. This is achieved through two modes of operation: beaconing and nonbeaconing. The beaconing mode is specified for environments where control and data forwarding is achieved by an always-active device. The nonbeaconing mode specifies the use of unslotted, nonpersistent CSMA-based MAC protocol. The network layer provides the functionality required to support network configuration and device discovery, association and disassociation, topology management, MAC-layer management, routing, and security management. Three network topologies—star, mesh, and cluster tree—are supported. The security layer leverages the basic security services specified by the IEEE 802.15.4 security model to provide support for infrastructure security and application data security. The first security service of the IEEE 802.15.4 security model provides support for access control. This basic security service prevents unauthorized parties from participating in the network. It allows a legitimate device to maintain a list of trusted devices in the network. A legitimate device uses this list to detect and reject messages from unauthorized devices. The second security service
176 MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS supports message integrity protection to prevent an adversary from tampering with a data message from an authorized sender, while the message is in transit. The third security service provides data confidentiality to keep the information carried by a data message secret from unauthorized parties. This is achieved using the advanced encryption standard (AES) as its core cryptographic algorithm. The encryption scheme uses a 128-bit key to encrypt messages. The fourth security service deals with sequential data freshness to prevent replay attacks. An adversary engages in a replay attack by eavesdropping on legitimate messages sent between authorized users and replaying them at a later time. Using the basic security services, the MAC layer describes a variety of security suites. Each suite offers a different set of security properties and guarantees. By default, security is not enabled. The application must therefore explicitly set the appropriate control parameters into the radio stack to enable the desired level of security. The application layer consists of the application support sublayer (APS), the ZigBee device object (ZDO), and the manufacturer-defined application objects. The responsibilities of the APS sublayer include maintaining tables for binding devices together, based on their services and their needs, and forwarding messages between bound devices. The ZDO can be thought of as a special application object that is resident on all nodes. It has its own profile, referred to as the ZigBee device profile (ZDP), which user application endpoints and other ZigBee nodes can access. The ZDO is responsible for overall device management and security keys and policies, including defining the role of the device within the network, initiating and responding to binding requests, and establishing a secure relationship between network devices. The manufacturer-defined application objects implement the actual applications according to the ZigBee-defined application descriptions. In the following section we focus on physical- and MAC-layer design issues, mechanisms, and protocols. First, the overall characteristics of the PHY layer are highlighted. Following, a description of the different components and operations of the MAC layer is provided. 5.6.1 PHY Layer The design of the PHY layer is driven by the need for a low-cost power-effective physical layer for cost-sensitive low-data-rate monitoring and control applications. Under IEEE 802.15.4, wireless links can operate in three unlicensed frequency bands: 858 MHz, 902 to 928 MHz, and 2.4 GHz. Based on these frequency bands, the IEEE 802.15.4 standard defines three physical media: 1. Direct-sequence spread spectrum using BPSK operating in the 868-MHz band at a data rate of 20 kbps 2. Direct-sequence spread spectrum using BPSK operating in the 915-MHz band at a data rate of 40 kbps 3. Direct-sequence spread spectrum using O-QPSK operating in the 2.4-GHz band at a data rate of 140 kbps
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WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS Technology
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WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS Technology
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CONTENTS Preface xi About the Autho
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CONTENTS vii 5.4 MAC Protocols for
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CONTENTS ix 9.3 Traditional Network
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xii PREFACE text provides thorough
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xiv ABOUT THE AUTHORS communication
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1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF WIRE
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INTRODUCTION 3 in the wireless case
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INTRODUCTION 5 In this book we emph
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INTRODUCTION 7 and low-power-consum
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INTRODUCTION 9 1. The typical mode
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INTRODUCTION 11 Commercial applica
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BASIC OVERVIEW OF THE TECHNOLOGY 13
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REFERENCES 31 Standards As implied
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REFERENCES 33 [1.22] D. Minoli, W.
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REFERENCES 35 [1.58] S. Lindsey et
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REFERENCES 37 [1.89] J. M. Kahn et
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BACKGROUND 39 static routing over t
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BACKGROUND 41 The WNs have computat
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RANGE OF APPLICATIONS 43 TABLE 2.1
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RANGE OF APPLICATIONS 49 expect wit
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EXAMPLES OF CATEGORY 2 WSN APPLICAT
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ANOTHER TAXONOMY OF WSN TECHNOLOGY
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REFERENCES 71 In aggregating system
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REFERENCES 73 [2.25] ‘‘Short Di
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3 BASIC WIRELESS SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
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SENSOR NODE TECHNOLOGY 77 2. Detect
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SENSOR NODE TECHNOLOGY 79 Hardware
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Figure 3.3 Some of the networking p
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Very small (10 1 mm 3 ) Ultrasmall
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WN OPERATING ENVIRONMENT 85 TABLE 3
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WN TRENDS 87 aggregated, fused, and
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WN TRENDS 89 TABLE 3.4 Partial List
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REFERENCES 91 to those sensors so t
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4 WIRELESS TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY
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RADIO TECHNOLOGY PRIMER 95 Ionosphe
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RADIO TECHNOLOGY PRIMER 97 TABLE 4.
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RADIO TECHNOLOGY PRIMER 99 TABLE 4.
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RADIO TECHNOLOGY PRIMER 101 citizen
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AVAILABLE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES 103
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Page 144 and 145: AVAILABLE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES 125
Page 150 and 151: APPENDIX A: MODULATION BASICS 131 s
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Page 156 and 157: APPENDIX A: MODULATION BASICS 137 P
Page 158 and 159: REFERENCES 139 algorithm, although
Page 160 and 161: REFERENCES 141 [4.36] C. Berrou, A.
Page 162 and 163: BACKGROUND 143 therefore be shared
Page 164 and 165: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 145 T
Page 166 and 167: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 147 q
Page 168 and 169: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 149 T
Page 170 and 171: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 151 d
Page 172 and 173: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 153 w
Page 174 and 175: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 155 F
Page 176 and 177: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 157 A
Page 178 and 179: MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs 159 A B C D
Page 180 and 181: MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs 161 multihop
Page 182 and 183: MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs 163 can be o
Page 184 and 185: MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs 165 of nodes
Page 186 and 187: SENSOR-MAC CASE STUDY 167 services
Page 188 and 189: SENSOR-MAC CASE STUDY 169 Nodes are
Page 190 and 191: SENSOR-MAC CASE STUDY 171 to secure
Page 192 and 193: IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN 173 Sender RT
Page 196 and 197: IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPANs STANDARD CAS
Page 212 and 213: REFERENCES 193 residing within 30 f
Page 214 and 215: REFERENCES 195 [5.25] K. Sohrabi, J
Page 216 and 217: 6 ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SE
Page 218 and 219: DATA DISSEMINATION AND GATHERING 19
Page 220 and 221: ROUTING CHALLENGES AND DESIGN ISSUE
Page 222 and 223: ROUTING STRATEGIES IN WIRELESS SENS
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REFERENCES 225 first two faces and
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REFERENCES 227 International Confer
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7 TRANSPORT CONTROL PROTOCOLS FOR W
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TRADITIONAL TRANSPORT CONTROL PROTO
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TRADITIONAL TRANSPORT CONTROL PROTO
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TRANSPORT PROTOCOL DESIGN ISSUES 23
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EXAMPLES OF EXISTING TRANSPORT CONT
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EXAMPLES OF EXISTING TRANSPORT CONT
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PERFORMANCE OF TRANSPORT CONTROL PR
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PERFORMANCE OF TRANSPORT CONTROL PR
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REFERENCES 245 [7.2] Y. Sankarasubr
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WSN MIDDLEWARE PRINCIPLES 247 are v
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MIDDLEWARE ARCHITECTURE 249 TABLE 8
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MIDDLEWARE ARCHITECTURE 251 for pos
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EXISTING MIDDLEWARE 253 of sensor n
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EXISTING MIDDLEWARE 255 reasonable
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EXISTING MIDDLEWARE 257 tools and s
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REFERENCES 259 8.5 CONCLUSION In th
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REFERENCES 261 [8.24] S. Kim, S. H.
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TRADITIONAL NETWORK MANAGEMENT MODE
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NETWORK MANAGEMENT DESIGN ISSUES 26
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EXAMPLE OF MANAGEMENT ARCHITECTURE:
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OTHER ISSUES RELATED TO NETWORK MAN
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REFERENCES 271 [9.2] L. B. Ruiz, F.
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10 OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR WIRELESS S
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OPERATING SYSTEM DESIGN ISSUES 275
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EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS 277 c
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EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS 279 w
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REFERENCES 281 10.3.9 PicOS One pro
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11 PERFORMANCE AND TRAFFIC MANAGEME
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BACKGROUND 285 data relaying, and s
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WSN DESIGN ISSUES 287 WSNs Routing
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PERFORMANCE MODELING OF WSNs 289 du
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PERFORMANCE MODELING OF WSNs 291 an
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PERFORMANCE MODELING OF WSNs 293 Th
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CASE STUDY: SIMPLE COMPUTATION OF T
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REFERENCES 301 [11.12] I. Demirkol,
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304 INDEX Code-division multiple ac
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306 INDEX NEMS, 28 Network design,
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