Wireless Sensor Networks : Technology, Protocols, and Applications

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REFERENCES 71 In aggregating systems, the information received from ‘‘downstream’’ WNs can be aggregated and forwarded. Intermediary nodes in the network have the ability to fuse the information received from downstream sources. In nonaggregating systems, the information gathered by every source node is independent and is transmitted separately. Weather monitoring systems are examples of aggregating WSNs, and toll-badge-reading systems are examples of nonaggregating WSNs. (Nonpropagating systems are not generally viewed under this partitioning since the nodes are often just one hop away from the wired node, and hence the in-network aggregation issue is moot. If present, the aggregation functionality is typically performed in the wired infrastructure or at the gateway connecting the wireless network to the wired infrastructure; hence, such systems do not require specialized aggregating functionality to be embedded into the WSN itself.) The class of self-configurable systems relates to WSNs where WNs need to selforganize themselves (initially or as time goes by) into a connected network. Many self-configurable systems are nondeterministic in topological deployment; the number of nodes in these systems can be from hundreds to hundreds of thousands (when the number of nodes exceeds a few hundreds, even deterministic deployment systems need to be self-configurable). In these environments, specific gateway WNs have connectivity to the wired infrastructure for transferring information to the end systems. A large-scale security network is an example of a deterministic system that belongs to the category of self-configurable systems; a target-tracking system is an example of a self-configurable WSN. In self-configurable WSNs, the nodes may also aggregate data [2.60]. 2.7 CONCLUSION In this chapter we provided a sample of possible WSN applications. The reader should be able to envision dozens of other potential applications, as they appear to be almost unlimited. Basically, wherever one wants to instrument, observe, and react to events and phenomena in a specified environment, one can use WSNs; the environment can be the physical world, a biological system, or an IT framework. REFERENCES [2.1] ‘‘Cougar: The Sensor Network Is the Database,’’ Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, http://www.cs.cornell.edu/database/cougar/. [2.2] ‘‘Sensor Network Applications,’’ Computer Science Instructional Facility, University of California–Davis, http://wwwcsif.cs.ucdavis.edu/~yick/sensor/Sensorapplication.htm. [2.3] ‘‘Distributed Surveillance Sensor Network,’’ http://www.spawar.navy.mil/robots/ undersea/dssn/dssn.html. [2.4] S. Cowen, S. Briest, J. Dombrowski, ‘‘Underwater Docking of Autonomous Undersea Vehicles Using Optical Terminal Guidance,’’ IEEE Oceans 1997 (Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Ocean Engineering Society and the Marine Technology Society), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Oct. 1997.
72 APPLICATIONS OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS [2.5] ‘‘Sensors and Sensor Networks,’’ Program Solicitation, NSF 03-512, Mar. 6, 2003, National Science Foundation, Directorate for Engineering, http://www.nsf.gov/ cgi-bin/getpubgpg; NSF Publications Clearinghouse, pubs@nsf.gov. [2.6] ‘‘Smart Sensor Networks,’’ National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, http://w3.antd.nist.gov/wahn_ssn.shtml. [2.7] N. Bulusu, S. Jha, Eds., Wireless Sensor Networks: A Systems Perspective, Artech House, Norwood, MA, 2004. [2.8] R. R. Brooks, S. S. Iyengar, Multi-sensor Fusion: Fundamentals and Applications with Software, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1998. [2.9] K. Whitehouse, X. Jiang, ‘‘Calamari: A Sensor Field Localization System,’’ http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/kamin/calamari/. [2.10] K. Whitehouse, ‘‘The Design of Calamari: An Ad-Hoc Localization System for Sensor Networks,’’ Master’s thesis, University of California–Berkeley, 2002. [2.11] K. Whitehouse, F. Jiang, A. Woo, C. Karlof, D. Culler, ‘‘Sensor Field Localization: A Deployment and Empirical Analysis,’’ Technical Report, University of California– Berkeley, Apr. 9, 2004. [2.12] K. Whitehouse, C. Sharp, E. Brewer, D. Culler, ‘‘Hood: A Neighborhood Abstraction for Sensor Networks,’’ Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services (MobiSys’04), Boston, MA, June 2004. [2.13] W. S. Conner, J. Heidemann, L. Krishnamurthy, X. Wang, M. Yarvis, ‘‘Workplace Applications of Sensor Networks,’’ in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Systems Perspective, N. Bulusu and S. Jha, Eds., Artech House, Norwood, MA, 2004. [2.14] L. Krishnamurthy, ‘‘PSFQ: A Reliable Transport Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks,’’ Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications (WSNA’02), in conjunction with ACM MobiCom 2002, Atlanta, GA, Sept. 2002. [2.15] Promotional materials, Intel, Santa Clara, CA, www.intel.com, 2003. [2.16] T. Clouqueur et al.,‘‘Sensor Deployment Strategy for Target Detection,’’ Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Sensor Networks and Applications (WSNA’02), Atlanta, GA, Sept. 2002. [2.17] I. F. Akyildiz et al., ‘‘A Survey of Sensor Networks,’’ IEEE Communications, Aug. 2002, pp. 102 ff. [2.18] C.-Y. Chong, S. P. Kumar, ‘‘Sensor Networks: Evolution, Opportunities, and Challenges,’’ Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 91, No. 8, Aug. 2003, pp. 1247ff. [2.19] M. Martonos, ‘‘Habitat Monitoring Using Zebranet: Design and Experience,’’ in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Systems Perspective, N. Bulusu and S. Jha, Eds., Artech House, Norwood, MA, 2004. [2.20] K. A. Delin, ‘‘SensorWebs in the Wild,’’ in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Systems Perspective, N. Bulusu and S. Jha, Eds., Artech House, Norwood, MA, 2004. [2.21] W. M.Merrill, L.Girod,B. Schiffer, D. McIntire,G.Rava, K. Sohrabi, F. Newberg, J.Elson, W. Kaiser, ‘‘Defense Systems: Self-Healing Land Mines,’’ in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Systems Perspective, N. Bulusu and S. Jha, Eds., Artech House, Norwood, MA, 2004. [2.22] J. Cox, ‘‘Wireless Sensor Networks Grabbing Greater Attention,’’ NetworkWorld, Sept. 27, 2004, pp. 9ff. [2.23] M. Hatler, Wireless Sensor Networks: Mass Market Opportunities, One World Inc., San Diego, California, February 22, 2004. [2.24] M. J. Thompson, ‘‘Invisible Computing Is Hard to Miss,’’ Technology Review, Feb. 2005, p. 86.
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WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS Technology
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WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS Technology
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CONTENTS Preface xi About the Autho
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CONTENTS vii 5.4 MAC Protocols for
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CONTENTS ix 9.3 Traditional Network
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xii PREFACE text provides thorough
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xiv ABOUT THE AUTHORS communication
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1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF WIRE
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INTRODUCTION 3 in the wireless case
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INTRODUCTION 5 In this book we emph
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INTRODUCTION 7 and low-power-consum
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INTRODUCTION 9 1. The typical mode
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INTRODUCTION 11 Commercial applica
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BASIC OVERVIEW OF THE TECHNOLOGY 13
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Page 50 and 51: REFERENCES 31 Standards As implied
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Page 58 and 59: BACKGROUND 39 static routing over t
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Page 106 and 107: WN TRENDS 87 aggregated, fused, and
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AVAILABLE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES 121
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APPENDIX A: MODULATION BASICS 131 s
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APPENDIX A: MODULATION BASICS 133 T
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APPENDIX A: MODULATION BASICS 135 T
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APPENDIX A: MODULATION BASICS 137 P
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REFERENCES 139 algorithm, although
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REFERENCES 141 [4.36] C. Berrou, A.
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BACKGROUND 143 therefore be shared
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FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 145 T
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FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 147 q
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FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 149 T
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FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 151 d
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FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 153 w
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FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 155 F
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FUNDAMENTALS OF MAC PROTOCOLS 157 A
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MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs 159 A B C D
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MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs 161 multihop
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MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs 163 can be o
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MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs 165 of nodes
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SENSOR-MAC CASE STUDY 167 services
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SENSOR-MAC CASE STUDY 169 Nodes are
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SENSOR-MAC CASE STUDY 171 to secure
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IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN 173 Sender RT
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IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPANs STANDARD CAS
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REFERENCES 193 residing within 30 f
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REFERENCES 195 [5.25] K. Sohrabi, J
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6 ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SE
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DATA DISSEMINATION AND GATHERING 19
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ROUTING CHALLENGES AND DESIGN ISSUE
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ROUTING STRATEGIES IN WIRELESS SENS
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REFERENCES 225 first two faces and
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REFERENCES 227 International Confer
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7 TRANSPORT CONTROL PROTOCOLS FOR W
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TRADITIONAL TRANSPORT CONTROL PROTO
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TRADITIONAL TRANSPORT CONTROL PROTO
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TRANSPORT PROTOCOL DESIGN ISSUES 23
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EXAMPLES OF EXISTING TRANSPORT CONT
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EXAMPLES OF EXISTING TRANSPORT CONT
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PERFORMANCE OF TRANSPORT CONTROL PR
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PERFORMANCE OF TRANSPORT CONTROL PR
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REFERENCES 245 [7.2] Y. Sankarasubr
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WSN MIDDLEWARE PRINCIPLES 247 are v
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MIDDLEWARE ARCHITECTURE 249 TABLE 8
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MIDDLEWARE ARCHITECTURE 251 for pos
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EXISTING MIDDLEWARE 253 of sensor n
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EXISTING MIDDLEWARE 255 reasonable
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EXISTING MIDDLEWARE 257 tools and s
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REFERENCES 259 8.5 CONCLUSION In th
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REFERENCES 261 [8.24] S. Kim, S. H.
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TRADITIONAL NETWORK MANAGEMENT MODE
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NETWORK MANAGEMENT DESIGN ISSUES 26
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EXAMPLE OF MANAGEMENT ARCHITECTURE:
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OTHER ISSUES RELATED TO NETWORK MAN
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REFERENCES 271 [9.2] L. B. Ruiz, F.
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10 OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR WIRELESS S
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OPERATING SYSTEM DESIGN ISSUES 275
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EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS 277 c
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EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS 279 w
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REFERENCES 281 10.3.9 PicOS One pro
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11 PERFORMANCE AND TRAFFIC MANAGEME
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BACKGROUND 285 data relaying, and s
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WSN DESIGN ISSUES 287 WSNs Routing
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PERFORMANCE MODELING OF WSNs 289 du
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PERFORMANCE MODELING OF WSNs 291 an
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PERFORMANCE MODELING OF WSNs 293 Th
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CASE STUDY: SIMPLE COMPUTATION OF T
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REFERENCES 301 [11.12] I. Demirkol,
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304 INDEX Code-division multiple ac
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306 INDEX NEMS, 28 Network design,
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